https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/minor-v-happersett daily 0.75 2016-03-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443639427798-F9BIKFIW8EFLM6L6I89E/brandeisbrief.jpg Legal Cases - Brandeis Brief (Muller v. Oregon), 1908 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443639427798-F9BIKFIW8EFLM6L6I89E/brandeisbrief.jpg Legal Cases - Brandeis Brief (Muller v. Oregon), 1908 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443640214595-GD49CDOIUSNUKAN3M4UT/sba-arrested.jpg Legal Cases - United States v. Anthony, 1872 In 1872, Susan B. Anthony and thirteen other women were arrested for voting in the presidential election, as were the three inspectors who allowed them to vote. Anthony was the only woman brought to trial and pleaded not guilty. Anthony believed she was “legally entitled to vote,” and if she was not, “but voted in good faith in the belief that it was her right, she was guilty of no crime.” However, Anthony was found guilty, and a fine of $100 plus the costs of the trial was imposed. https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/nacwc daily 0.75 2017-01-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471961041719-B6PKTJLD1J87EXW15ZM7/Mary+Church+Terrell%2C+three-quarter+length+portrait%2C+seated%2C+facing+front.jpg NACW - Mary Church Terrell between 1880 and 1900 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471961041719-B6PKTJLD1J87EXW15ZM7/Mary+Church+Terrell%2C+three-quarter+length+portrait%2C+seated%2C+facing+front.jpg NACW - Mary Church Terrell between 1880 and 1900 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471961041086-CSHBONLIECZ93TIWFONJ/Ida+B.+Wells%2C+head-and-shoulders+portrait%2C+facing+slightly+right.jpg NACW - Ida B. Wells c.1891 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446581544744-NTTWQ8OTB0KCYQXKRW7T/image-asset.jpeg NACW - Mary B. Talbert, "Women and Colored Women," 1915 Public domain Activist Mary B. Talbert was committed to addressing inequalities based both on gender and race. Talbert served as the sixth president of The National Association of Colored Women (NACW) from 1919-1920. The NACW was formed in 1896, with the goal of promoting equality for African American women. One of Talbert’s more famous speeches, “Women and Colored Women,” focused on the “clear powers of observation and judgment” African American women had gained. These powers allowed a woman to observe an issue and use her judgment to help find a solution. Talbert felt that these powers were “necessary to the building of an ideal country.” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471961041057-EIZP638JNV5LDI2L83DJ/Frances+Harper.jpg NACW - Frances E.W. Harper Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484857035552-RQE7KFVLJJ1NBIH6908U/LiftingAsWeClimbBanner_AAMHC_SI.jpg NACW - Lifting As We Climb Banner with motto of Oklahoma Federation of Colored Women's Clubs "Lifting As We Climb" Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484858693491-E8AJCMOAG48B281T2UR3/Oklahoma+Federation+of+Colored+Women%27s+Club+banner_NMAAHC_SI.jpg NACW - Banner for Oklahoma Federation of Colored Women's Clubs Banner for Oklahoma Federation of Colored Women's Clubs. The organization's motto was "Lifting As We Climb". Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/civil-war daily 0.75 2016-08-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444163049058-XL9LPCV5BXM7YI820A66/image-asset.gif Civil War - Great Central Fair of the Sanitary Commission Library of Congress. Women played an important role during the Civil War. Not only were they nurses, but a group of them created the United States Sanitary Commission in 1861. This commission of women volunteers organized the donation of supplies and money to the army. Members held fairs, such as the one this flyer is advertising. The group urged people in the area to either mail in or bring supplies to the fair. This advertisement for the Restaurant Department of the Great Central Fair indicates the event's regional reach with its appeal for contributions from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. It also encourages all donations no matter if they are big or small, “let them be ever so small, they will be thankfully received.” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444163049058-XL9LPCV5BXM7YI820A66/image-asset.gif Civil War - Great Central Fair of the Sanitary Commission Library of Congress. Women played an important role during the Civil War. Not only were they nurses, but a group of them created the United States Sanitary Commission in 1861. This commission of women volunteers organized the donation of supplies and money to the army. Members held fairs, such as the one this flyer is advertising. The group urged people in the area to either mail in or bring supplies to the fair. This advertisement for the Restaurant Department of the Great Central Fair indicates the event's regional reach with its appeal for contributions from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. It also encourages all donations no matter if they are big or small, “let them be ever so small, they will be thankfully received.” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444163102728-N5TN2OZTZ0S2R5IF2443/image-asset.jpeg Civil War - Fair for the sick and wounded Courtesy of Mary Anne Eves Civilian-organized fairs were a popular means by which Philadelphians raised funds in support of relief efforts on behalf of Union soldiers. This document advertises a fair that was held on October 21, 1862 to help collect supplies for sick and wounded Civil War soldiers. This fair was held by the United States Sanitary Commission, an organization run by women hoping to gather supplies and money to help those fighting in the war. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471969211398-EGA5GSB7409Y2O9VGQ4H/Clara+Barton.jpg Civil War - Clara Barton Clara Barton photographed by Mathew Brady around 1865 from the Civil War period of her life. She is about 43 years old 1865 Clara Barton National Historic Site https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471969211381-RHWBO0NX0KG9WPT9DITB/Julia+Ward+Howe%2C+half-length+portrait%2C+seated%2C+facing+left.jpg Civil War - Julia Ward Howe c. 1908 Library of Congress https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/new-gallery daily 0.75 2016-08-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444060448659-XQSDXBPTTOM3NDTPH8AI/image-asset.jpeg Early Efforts - Godey's Ladies Book https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444060448659-XQSDXBPTTOM3NDTPH8AI/image-asset.jpeg Early Efforts - Godey's Ladies Book https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471973194259-7YWDEEF2HG3K1ZSPQPJ7/Elizabeth+Cady+Stanton%2C+seated%2C+and+Susan+B.+Anthony%2C+standing%2C+three-quarter+length+portrait.jpg Early Efforts - Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Stanton, seated, and Susan B. Anthony, standing c. 1880-1902 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446580302465-30TMH2JH9B69XG9U7W6H/image-asset.jpeg Early Efforts - Lucy Stone's Marriage Protest Lucy Stone was a lifelong reformer, fighting for both women’s and African American’s rights. Stone, born in 1818, attended Oberlin College and upon graduating in 1847 she continued her fight for rights. In 1855, despite being married herself, Stone wrote a protest on marriage. In this protest, Stone focused on the lack of freedom the woman has within the marriage. Stone believed “marriage should be an equal and permanent partnership” between two people and that their decisions should be made together. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444060629698-XWR4GBJIX43SZ0WS6PB3/image-asset.jpeg Early Efforts - Sojourner Truth, "Ain't I a Woman?" Sojourner Truth was an abolitionist and a women’s right activist throughout her life. She was born a slave in 1797, but in 1827 Truth ran away to the North. In 1851, she delivered the speech “Ain’t I a Woman?” at a woman’s rights conference. She was the only female speaker at this conference. In her speech, Truth focused on the idea that, despite her race, she too was a woman and deserved to be treated as one. https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/new-gallery-1 daily 0.75 2016-03-04 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/t/56d9cd482fe131565593b736/1443540301639/ Early Republic https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/560aa815e4b0e4c1ab57c06b/560aad4de4b0774c42e2c5e0/1443540301639/ Early Republic https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443639680078-MZK1S5Y3PVB1YYXTR6HG/image-asset.jpeg Early Republic - Judith Sargent Murray, On the Equality of the Sexes, 1790 Judith Sargent Murray was a radical thinker for her time; born in 1751, she did not believe traditional women’s work was intellectually stimulating. Her essay, “On the Equality of the Sexes,” was first published in 1790 by The Massachusetts Magazine. It focused on the differences between minds and the need for stimulation. Murray saw no reason women should not be educated or valued the same as men. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443639615766-GIGZDCYUIGQMYZ569E1L/image-asset.jpeg Early Republic - Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792 Mary Wollstonecraft was a writer and advocate of women's rights. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443639779885-G5ME1CLFSBIU5HE13ONW/440px-Phillis_Wheatley_frontispiece.jpg Early Republic - Phillis Wheatley, Poems on Various Subjects, 1773 Phillis Wheatley is regarded as one of America’s first poets. She was born in 1753 in Africa, was then captured by slave traders, and sold to the Wheatley family in Boston in 1761. The Wheatley family saw to her education, and she was able to read within sixteen months of being brought to the United States. As a teenager, Wheatley began writing poems. Her first poem was published in 1770 entitled “An Elegiac Poem, on the Death of the Celebrated Divine George Whitefield,” and brought her much notoriety. Then in 1773, Wheatley published her first collections of poems in Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. This was the first time a book written by an African American woman had been published and only the second time a book written by a woman had been published in the United States. https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/seneca-falls daily 0.75 2016-08-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444060163097-G6NWBVYG50SVBI88JS6Y/image-asset.jpeg Seneca Falls - Declaration of Sentiments During the Woman’s Rights Convention, held at Seneca Falls from July 19th to 20th in 1848, the Declaration of Sentiments was accepted. It was written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and rewrote the Declaration of Independence to include women; “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal…” Additionally, it showed how the United States government had oppressed women by not granting them rights that all men had been given. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444060163097-G6NWBVYG50SVBI88JS6Y/image-asset.jpeg Seneca Falls - Declaration of Sentiments During the Woman’s Rights Convention, held at Seneca Falls from July 19th to 20th in 1848, the Declaration of Sentiments was accepted. It was written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and rewrote the Declaration of Independence to include women; “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal…” Additionally, it showed how the United States government had oppressed women by not granting them rights that all men had been given. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444060253295-121MT25OEWIRN3EUSEIC/0013.jpg Seneca Falls - Seneca Falls: Transcript of Proceedings This transcript shows the discussions from the Woman’s Rights Convention held at Seneca Falls on July 19th and 20th, 1848. The main question the convention focused on was the “social, civil, and religious conditions of woman.” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471972920209-XPU9WVJL2CY5424NFWEZ/Lucrettia+Mott.jpg Seneca Falls - Painting of Lucretia Mott Painting of Lucretia Mott (1793 - 1880), the proponent of women's rights, by Joseph Kyle 1842 Smithsonian National Portriat Gallery https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471972923516-H6PABYZLV3N5UVOFOISA/Elizabeth+Cady+Stanton.jpg Seneca Falls - Elizabeth Cady Stanton n.d. Library of Congress https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/14th-15th-amendments daily 0.75 2016-08-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446580533192-57CEA9YU28K3R4587V1S/image-asset.jpeg 14th & 15th Amendments - 14th Amendment "Free!" 1863. Library of Congress: LC-USZC4-252. The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified on July 9, 1868, granted African Americans their freedom. Shown here is a print of an African American slave reaching freedom. The print is entitled “Free!” and was created circa 1863 by Henry Louis Stephens. The 14th Amendment specifically granted men the right to vote. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446580533192-57CEA9YU28K3R4587V1S/image-asset.jpeg 14th & 15th Amendments - 14th Amendment "Free!" 1863. Library of Congress: LC-USZC4-252. The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified on July 9, 1868, granted African Americans their freedom. Shown here is a print of an African American slave reaching freedom. The print is entitled “Free!” and was created circa 1863 by Henry Louis Stephens. The 14th Amendment specifically granted men the right to vote. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446580659869-7JB2PRDE95SAOCDQR26Z/image-asset.jpeg 14th & 15th Amendments - 15th Amendment A.R. Waud. "The first vote." 1867. Library of Congress: LC-USZ62-19234 . On February 3, 1870 the 15th Amendment of the United States Constitution was ratified. This amendment stated “The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” This ensured that all men had the right to vote no matter their race. However, it did not grant women the right to vote. The image shown here is a print from 1867 by Alfred Rudolph Waud and shows a line of American Americans, all in different dress, being allowed to cast their first ballot. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444062109831-D3EBR0UV7YEFKJ8G2CIL/image-asset.jpeg 14th & 15th Amendments - Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, Speech at the Eleventh Woman's Rights Convention, 1866 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444062185366-NKLY279EX91IZOJLOFW5/image-asset.jpeg 14th & 15th Amendments - Horace Bushnell, Women's Suffrage: A Reform against Nature Public domain. https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/lecture-circuit daily 0.75 2016-08-23 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/t/57bc621015d5dbc1c53659a7/1444229530230/ Lecture Circuit https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/560aa8d2e4b0f7fb5afd1b7d/5615319ae4b08ab2c2024880/1444229530230/ Lecture Circuit https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444229530825-CS8V8ACLO2PKN3GYA5NG/image-asset.png Lecture Circuit - Julia Ward Howe, "Modern Society," 1881 Public domain. Julia Ward Howe co-founded the American Woman Suffrage Association and helped start its paper, the Woman’s Journal. In the essay “Modern Society,” published in 1881, Howe wrote about the French system of representation and the problems of worshipping wealth. She also explained why women’s education had been so poor and the need to improve it. Howe felt that women’s minds had been imprisoned by society and needed to be freed so they could be properly used. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444229902524-YUH20AC661TLHBH9SWZY/image-asset.jpeg Lecture Circuit - Lecture flyer for Abigail Scott Duniway, 1880s Special Collections and University Archives, University of Oregon Libraries https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444230128311-9AEIIHVYIL1X3LOE620O/image-asset.jpeg Lecture Circuit - Suffrage Lecture Flyer Library of Virginia. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444230187281-OHS9C7GWQXR2UF88BSA0/image-asset.jpeg Lecture Circuit - Susan B. Anthony Lecture Ticket, 1882 Public domain. In 1872, Susan B. Anthony was arrested for voting in the presidential election. Soon after her arrest, Anthony traveled the country lecturing to audiences about her experience. Anthony’s speech, entitled “Is it a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to Vote?” focused on her arrest and proving that she had not committed a crime. Her speech specifically noted the passage of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution which gave women the right to vote. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471963547649-06HKOGMXPSJA34TOJKXM/Get+thee+behind+me%2C+%28Mrs.%29+Satan%21.jpg Lecture Circuit - "Get thee behind me, (Mrs.) Satan!" / Th. Nast. Cartoon shows woman, carrying 2 children and man holding bottle of rum on her back, and speaking to winged woman who is holding a sign reading, "Be saved by free love" (representing suffragist Victoria Woodhull). 1872 Library of Congress https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/nwsa daily 0.75 2017-01-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471963254817-KRCAWTDF94LTGLB1I7BC/Votes+for+Women+a+Success_map.jpg NWSA - Votes for Women A Success. Imitation is the Sincerest Flattery!! "The Map Proves It." Map of the United States showing in various shadings states with full suffrage; partial suffrage; Presidential, Partial County and state suffrage; and no suffrage. Women were granted suffrage from 1869 (Wyoming) to 1914 (Nevada). c. 1914 Harvard University Library https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471963254817-KRCAWTDF94LTGLB1I7BC/Votes+for+Women+a+Success_map.jpg NWSA - Votes for Women A Success. Imitation is the Sincerest Flattery!! "The Map Proves It." Map of the United States showing in various shadings states with full suffrage; partial suffrage; Presidential, Partial County and state suffrage; and no suffrage. Women were granted suffrage from 1869 (Wyoming) to 1914 (Nevada). c. 1914 Harvard University Library https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444062280192-GCUH12THS8J7VK25QC1E/image-asset.jpeg NWSA - NWSA Constitution Public domain. On May 15, 1869, the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) was founded. The first president of the organization was Susan B. Anthony. This document, the NWSA Constitution, presented five articles the association would uphold. The major goal was to “secure STATE and NATIONAL protection for women citizens in the exercise of their right to vote.” The NWSA was dissolved in 1890 when it and the American Woman Suffrage Association become one, the National American Woman Suffrage Association. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484861108812-YMCPN9834709940PPZH1/Mrs.+Stanley+McCormick+and+Mrs.+Chas.+Parker_LOC_12694v.jpg NWSA - Mrs. Stanley McCormick and Mrs. Chas. Parker Mrs. Stanley McCormick and Mrs. Chas. Parker holding a banner which reads "National Woman Suffrage Association." https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/awsa daily 0.75 2017-01-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471969410715-PD9OHXPWK8NQEZJO4Q4P/Suffragist+Margaret+Foley+distributing+the+Woman%27s+Journal+and+Suffrage+News.jpg AWSA - Suffragist Margaret Foley distributing the Woman's Journal and Suffrage News Photograph of Margaret Foley (right?) and an unidentified woman (left), both carrying pocketbooks and wearing fur-trimmed hats and fur stoles, standing outside and distributing copies of the November 29, 1913, issue of the Woman's Journal and Suffrage News. The woman on the left has a cloth satchel strapped across her body, labeled VOTES. c. 1913 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471969410715-PD9OHXPWK8NQEZJO4Q4P/Suffragist+Margaret+Foley+distributing+the+Woman%27s+Journal+and+Suffrage+News.jpg AWSA - Suffragist Margaret Foley distributing the Woman's Journal and Suffrage News Photograph of Margaret Foley (right?) and an unidentified woman (left), both carrying pocketbooks and wearing fur-trimmed hats and fur stoles, standing outside and distributing copies of the November 29, 1913, issue of the Woman's Journal and Suffrage News. The woman on the left has a cloth satchel strapped across her body, labeled VOTES. c. 1913 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444063512813-YA0GFUQZH2NCJU1FRFVJ/image-asset.jpeg AWSA - The Woman's Journal National American Woman Suffrage Association, “The Woman's journal. (Boston, Mass.) 1917,” Ann Lewis Women's Suffrage Collection, accessed October 5, 2015, https://lewissuffragecollection.omeka.net/items/show/1128.   The Woman’s Journal was created by Lucy Stone for the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) in 1870. It was the first newspaper on suffrage that was successful, and it was in circulation throughout the movement.   https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444162934360-DGVQ0WOX81CGZ4VUSWPJ/image-asset.jpeg AWSA - Woman's Journal and Suffrage News Library of Congress. This front page of the Woman's Journal and Suffrage News is from March 8, 1913. Pictured are Rosalie Gardiner Jones, Inez Milholland on a white horse, floats, and an aerial view of the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913. The parade was organized by Alice Paul and took place in Washington, D.C. the day before President Wilson was inaugurated. 8,000 women marched and an additional half million people watched the parade. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484860615438-G2IGRV4BA01ZTITA5YW9/American+Woman+Suffrage+Association+Poster_OSU_awsa.jpg AWSA - American Woman Suffrage Association Poster American Woman Suffrage Association Poster advertising Abigail Duniway as a featured speaker at a meeting of the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), on a bill with other nationally prominent leaders.   University of Oregon https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/suffrage-in-the-west daily 0.75 2017-01-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444244388396-S83G9XLDSEVYLCHMRXDP/image-asset.png Suffrage in the West - Suffrage Campaigns in California Public domain. Until the passage of the 19th Amendment, state elections were held to decide if women should have the right to vote. In 1869, the territory of Wyoming became the first to grant women the right to vote. When Wyoming became a state, in 1890, the decision was upheld. Colorado was next in 1893 and in 1896 both Utah and Idaho passed suffrage laws. However, it would not be until 1910 that another state would let women vote, when Washington passed the law followed by California in 1911. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444244388396-S83G9XLDSEVYLCHMRXDP/image-asset.png Suffrage in the West - Suffrage Campaigns in California Public domain. Until the passage of the 19th Amendment, state elections were held to decide if women should have the right to vote. In 1869, the territory of Wyoming became the first to grant women the right to vote. When Wyoming became a state, in 1890, the decision was upheld. Colorado was next in 1893 and in 1896 both Utah and Idaho passed suffrage laws. However, it would not be until 1910 that another state would let women vote, when Washington passed the law followed by California in 1911. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471969546078-L17AK4DSODG32SAUZDF5/Miss+Jeannette+Rankin%2C+of+Montana%2C+speaking+from+the+balcony+of+the+National+American+Woman+Suffrage+Association%2C+Monday%2C+April+2%2C+1917..jpg Suffrage in the West - Miss Jeannette Rankin, of Montana Miss Jeannette Rankin, of Montana, speaking from the balcony of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Monday, April 2, 1917 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446214100046-PQHAD2JL961WMT9OCPE9/The+awakening.jpg Suffrage in the West - The Awakening This image shows the western states that had granted women the right to vote. Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484859651747-5EUXPSGON451EVAXMHB2/Part+of+the+Vast+Billboard+Campaign+of+the+Woman%27s+Party.+Putting+up+billboard+in+Denver--+1916_LOC_159016v.jpg Suffrage in the West - Part of the Vast Billboard Campaign of the Woman's Party. Putting up billboard in Denver-- 1916. Photograph of unidentified woman putting up billboard with bucket and broom. Billboard reads: "'Women of Colorado, you have the vote. Get it for women of the nation by voting against Woodrow Wilson and the Democratic Candidate for Congress. Their party opposes national woman suffrage. The National Woman's Party." Billboard features image of young woman and a hat with "The Woman's Party" feather and a "50-50" price tag, above which is the motto "Our Hat's in the Ring."   Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484859849295-JAXAPDTFS4IT37QMA3FE/Route+of+Envoys+Sent+from+East+by+the+Congressional+Union+for+Woman%27s+Suffrage%2C+to+Appeal+the+Voting+Women+of+the+West.jpg Suffrage in the West - Route of Envoys Sent from East by the Congressional Union for Woman's Suffrage, to Appeal the Voting Women of the West Map of the United States showing tour of Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage. Image of Alice Paul in lower left-hand corner. Captioned "Call to Women Voters to Assemble in Chicago June 5, 6, 7 to Launch A National Woman's Party."   Library of Congress https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/nawsa daily 0.75 2017-01-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471960052888-Y2F6CL2BIDIHFMFA2VI3/Horse+drawn+float+declares+National+American+Woman+Suffrage+Association%27s+support+for+Bristow-Mondell+amendment.jpg NAWSA - Horse drawn float declares National American Woman Suffrage Association's support for Bristow-Mondell amendment Photograph of three women standing in street in front of horse-drawn wagon with sign, "National American Woman Suffrage Association founded in 1869 supports Bristow-Mondell Resolution drafted by Susan B. Anthony, 1874, First, Last and Always." Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471960052888-Y2F6CL2BIDIHFMFA2VI3/Horse+drawn+float+declares+National+American+Woman+Suffrage+Association%27s+support+for+Bristow-Mondell+amendment.jpg NAWSA - Horse drawn float declares National American Woman Suffrage Association's support for Bristow-Mondell amendment Photograph of three women standing in street in front of horse-drawn wagon with sign, "National American Woman Suffrage Association founded in 1869 supports Bristow-Mondell Resolution drafted by Susan B. Anthony, 1874, First, Last and Always." Library of Congress https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/560aa91ce4b0c26a9ae003f5/5612aa10e4b033aa912dabb8/1444063760351/ NAWSA https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446580921976-TMJNI561W1WLRYT8GDF1/image-asset.jpeg NAWSA - Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "Solitude of the Self" Public domain. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a true leader of the woman suffrage movement, serving as the president of the National Woman Suffrage Association for twenty years and the as first president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. At the age of 77, in 1892, Stanton stepped down as president. “Solitude of the Self” was her resignation speech, and in it Stanton argues for women’s equality. Stanton saw women as citizens of the country and argued that they should therefore be treated like all other citizens. This meant women should have access to all things men did, such as the right to vote, higher education, and “freedom of thought and action.” Through her words it is clear that Stanton sees all individuals as walking alone in life and they therefore need all of their rights to prosper. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970788141-4J9IRBOYAYVL0Z54JEBD/Suffrage+March+Line.jpg NAWSA - Suffrage march line--How thousands of women parade today at Capitol Women marchers organized by country, state, occupation, and organization, led by Miss Inez Milholland and Mrs. Richard Coke Burleson, during the suffrage march, March 3, 1913, Washington, D.C. 1913 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471960866194-BDHKHTG872ND1XNGK444/Carrie+Chapman+Catt.jpeg NAWSA - Carrie Chapman Catt Library of Congress n.d. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970789959-AWOMK0RWXA2ZBMHEHF6K/Suffrage+parade%2C+Inez+Milholland.jpg NAWSA - Suffrage parade, Inez Milholland Photo shows lawyer Inez Milholland Boissevain riding astride in the suffrage parade as the first of four mounted heralds. In her short life she shared with many of her fellow marchers a commitment to social reform. She joined organizations striving to improve the working conditions of children and the lives of African Americans. She was also a strong supporter of the shirtwaist and laundry workers. Three years after the parade, she collapsed and died at age thirty during a western suffrage lecture tour. 1913 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970781369-YVY4OAI1Q01X7RSPWM0J/Head+of+suffrage+parade.jpg NAWSA - Head of suffrage parade Photo shows Grand Marshal Mrs. Richard Coke Burleson (center, on horseback) leading suffrage march on March 3, 1913. 1913 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471971002973-J0IPRMXLMN3FL32UN8MU/Official+program+-+Woman+suffrage+procession%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.+March+3%2C+1913.jpg NAWSA - Official program - Woman suffrage procession, Washington, D.C. March 3, 1913 / Dale. Cover of program for the National American Women's Suffrage Association procession, showing woman, in elaborate attire, with cape, blowing long horn, from which is draped a "votes for women" banner, on decorated horse, with U.S. Capitol in background. 1913 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970792762-9I4GQE1OSNJ7UQDU4YAC/Susan+B.+Anthony+2.jpg NAWSA - Susan B. Anthony Photo shows suffragist Florence Jaffray "Daisy" Harriman (1870-1967) holding a banner with the words "Failure Is Impossible. Susan B. Anthony. Votes for Women." c.1910-1915 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970787659-HS1NVEUXD6P8POLP31OH/Home+Makers%2C+Suffrage+Parade.jpg NAWSA - "Home Makers," Suffrage Parade Photo taken at the Woman Suffrage Parade held in Washington, D.C. March 3, 1913 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970796908-JTN0XT58R480OCHU2KRW/WOMAN+SUFFRAGE+PARADE.jpg NAWSA - Woman Suffrage Parade 1914 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970794022-MQY9FSQMYGTG8MTKCZWJ/WOMAN+SUFFRAGE+PARADE%2C+MAY+1914.jpg NAWSA - Woman Suffrage Parade May 1914 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970794882-ES7RAXBW7C9XDE5SLC4X/WOMAN+SUFFRAGE+PARADE%2C+MAY%2C+1914.jpg NAWSA - Woman Suffrage Parade May 1914 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484859444117-JS68PF9WQ17ZDQB8PF8G/Suffrage+Parade_LOC_11354v.jpg NAWSA - Suffrage Parade Photo two women dressed as Indians on horseback at the Woman Suffrage Parade held in Washington, D.C., March 3, 1913.   Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970780714-W8IGC4G0DXMIM3TDXY02/Crowd+on+Penn+Ave.+watching+Suffrage+parade.jpg NAWSA - Crowd on Penn Ave. watching Suffrage parade Photo taken at the National American Woman Suffrage Association parade held in Washington, D.C., March 3, 1913, the day before President Wilson's inauguration. March 3, 1913 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970795429-0DRCI39X1K1SAIKXDJFQ/Woman+suffrage+parade%2C+Wash.%2C+D.C..jpg NAWSA - Woman suffrage parade, Wash., D.C. Photograph shows parade and enormous crowd on Pennsylvania Ave. looking toward Capitol past old Post Office. 1913 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970791728-DFKV1I9IUMKTGNF8YPI8/Suffrage+parade%2C+Mch.+3+1913.jpg NAWSA - Suffrage Parade March 3, 1913 Library of Congress https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/opposition daily 0.75 2018-09-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1459889988433-LLK5IV4TDG4202KZBE8Y/A+Suggestion+to+the+Buffalo+Exposition.jpg Opposition - A suggestion to the Buffalo Exposition; - Let us have a chamber of female horrors Library of Congress Illustration shows Uncle Sam and John Bull leading a group of world leaders walking in the center aisle between an exhibit of women suffragettes on pedestals; among the figures are "Mrs. Faith Healer," "Woman Evangelist," "Mrs. Lease" holding a large rake, and an elderly woman wearing a crown labeled "Queen of Holland Dames," as well as one woman labeled "D.A.R." Those identified are: "Dr. Mary Walker," "Belva Lockwood," "Susan B. Anthony," "E. Cady Stanton," "Mrs. Eddy Christian Scientist," and "Carrie Nation of Kansas" holding a large ax. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1459889988433-LLK5IV4TDG4202KZBE8Y/A+Suggestion+to+the+Buffalo+Exposition.jpg Opposition - A suggestion to the Buffalo Exposition; - Let us have a chamber of female horrors Library of Congress Illustration shows Uncle Sam and John Bull leading a group of world leaders walking in the center aisle between an exhibit of women suffragettes on pedestals; among the figures are "Mrs. Faith Healer," "Woman Evangelist," "Mrs. Lease" holding a large rake, and an elderly woman wearing a crown labeled "Queen of Holland Dames," as well as one woman labeled "D.A.R." Those identified are: "Dr. Mary Walker," "Belva Lockwood," "Susan B. Anthony," "E. Cady Stanton," "Mrs. Eddy Christian Scientist," and "Carrie Nation of Kansas" holding a large ax. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444149052219-19X0YNJSNPZIAYI89O4O/image-asset.png Opposition - Anti-Suffrage Pamphlet Public domain. This pamphlet was distributed by the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage. It contained reasons why women did not need to vote; for example, it suggested women did not want to or care to vote, because it would “mean competitions of women with men instead of co-operation,” and because “you do not need a ballot to clean out your sink.” Many women found these ideas rather offensive; however, there were some who did agree with them. In addition to the anti-suffrage language, the pamphlet caught women’s attention with its title “Household Hints” and inside there was useful household advice. These suggestions, like “Sour milk removes ink spots,” provided women with easy solutions to common issues while also encouraging them to not “waste time, energy and money” by voting. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444232072757-9U55S19LNXF8O52AV3BH/image-asset.jpeg Opposition - Francis Parkman, "The Woman Question," 1879 Public domain. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446214760433-5NI32IHP4U7AYVQXPU03/Looking+backward.jpg Opposition - Looking Backward This political cartoon was created in 1912 by Laura Foster and shows her views towards suffrage. Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471960225428-JWF49T3V0O7P7KX8HBZA/Election+Day%21.jpg Opposition - Election Day! c. 1909 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471960225996-B40JV2D9HQQQCDYA47DJ/I+want+to+vote.jpg Opposition - Everybody Works but Mother Suffragette Series No. 11, 1909 Anti-Woman Suffrage Postcards https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471960225793-KMQDHSK5645X5P3R0CW6/Marching+through+Georgia+L.M.+Glackens..jpg Opposition - "Marching through Georgia" / L.M. Glackens Illustration shows a group of men and women marching under such banners as "The Lips That Touch Corn Likker Shall Never Touch Ourn", "W.C.T.U.", and "Carrie Nation Cadets", with one man carrying a small barrel labeled "Vegetable Tonic", and a large wagon labeled "Water Wagon No. 1" immediately behind the leaders, to show their support for prohibition. They are all colored blue. 1908 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471960226132-L95ERYYI1XQFCN6UTIR6/National+Anti-Suffrage+Association.jpg Opposition - National Anti-Suffrage Association Photograph shows men looking at material posted in the window of the National Anti-Suffrage Association headquarters; sign in window reads "Headquarters National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage". c. 1911 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471960725443-7RURJ8BK8I9I7TJYK1GT/A+Downright+Gabbler.jpg Opposition - A downright gabbler, or a goose that deserves to be hissed Caricature of Frances "Fanny" Wright, British-born activist, exponent of female suffrage, and outspoken critic of slavery. The title's reference to Wright as a "gabbler" probably alludes to her sensational American lecture tour of 1829. Wright wears a black dress and long white scarf, and has the head of a goose. She stands reading from a book and gesturing, before a speaker's table with candles, pitcher, glass, and books. Behind her stands a young man, holding her bonnet and looking on. Mrs. Kemble's costume and the scene itself -- with its table, water, candles, and acolyte-like attendant -- seems intended to suggest an underlying parallel with liturgical rites. 1829 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1537368598544-BCIBBZ1KATLS3MWY64KS/petition-001.jpg Opposition - Petition from the Women Voters Anti-Suffrage Party of New York to the United States Senate This petition was sent to the United States Senate and includes the names of women opposed to women’s suffrage in 1917. National Archives and Records Administration https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/560aa92ce4b0c26a9ae0049b/5ba262b488251b659c31536d/1537368756230/ Opposition https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1537368761393-MHDFCHURQ1LEWIVMM5UQ/Cambridge_Antisuffrage_2017_001.jpg Opposition - Letter from the Cambridge Branch of the Massachusetts Anti-Suffrage Association to the Congress of the United States of America The Massachusetts Anti-Suffrage Association sent this letter to the Senate and House of Representatives asking Congress to oppose the proposed woman suffrage amendment. National Archives and Records Administration https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/560aa92ce4b0c26a9ae0049b/5baa44caf9619a770c206ca0/1537885598430/ Opposition https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1537885390741-3QREH2IZ4Y6K4Y75DZ3U/french001+NARA.jpg Opposition - Letter Regarding the Federal Amendment from Ellen F. Vanderbilt Ellen F. Vanderbilt of Newport, RI, sent this letter to members of the Senate and House of Representatives. She expresses her opposition to the Federal Amendment for woman suffrage (the 19th Amendment), describing it as anti-American and an increase to the socialist vote. National Archives and Records Administration https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/progressive-era daily 0.75 2016-03-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446581075490-Y8U6TI2LFTCF7RC0LI00/image-asset.jpeg Progressive Era - Jane Addams, "The Modern City and the Municipal Franchise for Women," 1906 Public domain. Jane Addams dedicated her life to improving the living and working conditions of immigrants, especially those living in poverty in large cities. She believed through voting women could help pass laws that would improve conditions. In her speech, “The Modern City and the Municipal Franchise for Women,” Addams focused on the need of cities to clean up through “civic housekeeping.” This speech, delivered at the National American Woman Suffrage Association Convention in 1906, encouraged women to become more active in civil life in order to bring about change in human-welfare. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446581075490-Y8U6TI2LFTCF7RC0LI00/image-asset.jpeg Progressive Era - Jane Addams, "The Modern City and the Municipal Franchise for Women," 1906 Public domain. Jane Addams dedicated her life to improving the living and working conditions of immigrants, especially those living in poverty in large cities. She believed through voting women could help pass laws that would improve conditions. In her speech, “The Modern City and the Municipal Franchise for Women,” Addams focused on the need of cities to clean up through “civic housekeeping.” This speech, delivered at the National American Woman Suffrage Association Convention in 1906, encouraged women to become more active in civil life in order to bring about change in human-welfare. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446581366082-EUXL92OPPF0P8UXE70YD/image-asset.jpeg Progressive Era - Ida B. Wells, "Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases," 1892 Public domain. Ida B. Wells fought hard to shed light on the racism that still existed in the country after abolition. While living in Memphis, Tennessee, Wells wrote many essays on the terrible treatment of freed African Americans. This editorial focused on the lynching of three men that occurred in Memphis in 1892, after which Wells was told not to come back to Memphis because her life was in danger. Since Wells could not return home, she wrote about the events leading up to the lynching. In this collection of writings, Wells also wrote on the different treatment of individuals based on their race. https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/working-women daily 0.75 2016-03-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444146094515-J7APOUOCV0G96SHOOYOO/image-asset.jpeg Working Women - The Brandeis Brief from Muller v. Oregon, 1908 PBS. For his work on pro bono cases, Attorney Louis Brandeis was known as “the People’s Attorney.” Brandeis defended Oregon state law, which set a ten hour maximum a woman could work in a day at a “mechanical establishment, or factory, or laundry.” Curt Muller was fined for working his female employees more than ten hours a day, which he appealed to the Oregon Supreme Court. In this case, Brandeis used sociological data and legal argument to address whether excessive labor led to ill health. This was the first time a lawyer had used sociological data to help make their case and would serve as a model for future cases using non-legal data. The case went to the Supreme Court and was decided in favor of the Oregon state law. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444146094515-J7APOUOCV0G96SHOOYOO/image-asset.jpeg Working Women - The Brandeis Brief from Muller v. Oregon, 1908 PBS. For his work on pro bono cases, Attorney Louis Brandeis was known as “the People’s Attorney.” Brandeis defended Oregon state law, which set a ten hour maximum a woman could work in a day at a “mechanical establishment, or factory, or laundry.” Curt Muller was fined for working his female employees more than ten hours a day, which he appealed to the Oregon Supreme Court. In this case, Brandeis used sociological data and legal argument to address whether excessive labor led to ill health. This was the first time a lawyer had used sociological data to help make their case and would serve as a model for future cases using non-legal data. The case went to the Supreme Court and was decided in favor of the Oregon state law. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444146215872-OYD1BCWJKRL7ET463MGG/image-asset.gif Working Women - Susan B. Anthony, "Woman wants Bread, not the Ballot" Public domain. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1455132526709-7TZBKJ2KBKRG88EDI8IW/Farmers+for+Suffrage.jpg Working Women - Suffrage Farmers Photograph shows (left to right) Miss Rene Glogau, Chairman of the Agricultural Committee of the New York City Woman Suffrage Party; Helena Ries, Mrs. J.N. Dawson, Mrs. M. Barnes, Rose De Bella, Mrs. Daniel Appleton Palmer, Chairman of the Bronx Woman Suffrage Party; Mrs. Thomas B. Wells, Miss Mary Garrett Hay, and Miss Flora Hay. The suffragists are standing in front of a billboard supporting the woman suffrage amendment. (Photo Credit: Library of Congress) https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/nwp daily 0.75 2018-09-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444243970897-FX2TNUSFDLX2VW0RPIKO/image-asset.png NWP - Suffragists demonstrating against Woodrow Wilson in Chicago, 1916 Library of Congress A group of women and men from the National Woman’s Party (NWP) can be seen picketing President Woodrow Wilson outside of the International Amphitheater in Chicago, where he was delivering a speech. The NWP, founded in 1913, helped raise national awareness about the woman’s suffrage campaign and the 19th Amendment. This was achieved through traditional petitioning and lobbying but also through more public activities. The NWP held parades, pageants, street speeches, and demonstrations to draw attention. For months, the NWP even picketed the White House. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444243970897-FX2TNUSFDLX2VW0RPIKO/image-asset.png NWP - Suffragists demonstrating against Woodrow Wilson in Chicago, 1916 Library of Congress A group of women and men from the National Woman’s Party (NWP) can be seen picketing President Woodrow Wilson outside of the International Amphitheater in Chicago, where he was delivering a speech. The NWP, founded in 1913, helped raise national awareness about the woman’s suffrage campaign and the 19th Amendment. This was achieved through traditional petitioning and lobbying but also through more public activities. The NWP held parades, pageants, street speeches, and demonstrations to draw attention. For months, the NWP even picketed the White House. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444244066390-IYQB47DYCV3WY0604YRG/42802_ca_object_representations_media_71862_mediumlarge.jpg NWP - Why We Picket "Broadside published by the National Woman's Party describing the need to picket the Wilson White House to bring attention to the women's suffrage amendment. On the bottom is an RSVP slip to be mailed to Irish Calderhead regarding a picket at the White House on September 1."   Historical Society of Pennsylvania. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471964988940-D0HAP8QRG74QMAPX7PYA/Miss+Alice+Paul%2C+New+Jersey%2C+National+Chairman%2C+Congressional+Union+for+Woman+Suffrage%3B+Member%2C+Ex-Officio%2C+National+Executive+Committee%2C+Woman%27s+Party.jpg NWP - Miss Alice Paul, New Jersey, National Chairman, Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage; Member, Ex-Officio, National Executive Committee, Woman's Party Alice Paul of Moorestown, New Jersey, was appointed chairman of the Congressional Committee of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1913, and went on to head the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage and the NWP. She served six prison terms for woman suffrage, including three in England and three in the United States. She was sentenced to seven months in October 1917 for picketing and served five weeks before being released on account of her condition from hunger striking. In August 1918 she was sentenced to 10 days for participation in Lafayette Square meeting, and in January 1919, to five days for lighting a watchfire. Source: Doris Stevens, Jailed for Freedom (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1920), 366. Image printed in The Suffragist, 3, no. 52 (Dec. 25, 1915), 6. Captioned: "Miss Alice Paul." Library of Congress   https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471964799090-TAV77OXDDGE9QII712ZR/Lucy+Stone+in+prison.jpg NWP - Miss [Lucy] Burns in Occoquan Workhouse, Washington Lucy Burns, of New York City, who with Alice Paul established the first permanent headquarters for suffrage work in Washington, D.C., helped organize the suffrage parade of Mar. 3, 1913, and was one of the editors of The Suffragist. Leader of most of the picket demonstrations, she served more time in jail than any other suffragists in America. Arrested picketing June 1917, sentenced to 3 days; arrested Sept. 1917, sentenced to 60 days; arrested Nov. 10, 1917, sentenced to 6 months; in Jan. 1919 arrested at watchfire demonstrations, for which she served one 3 day and two 5 day sentences. She also served 4 prison terms in England. Burns was one of the speakers on the "Prison Special" tour of Feb-Mar 1919. Source: Doris Stevens, Jailed for Freedom (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1920), 356. 1917 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471964799182-IO2JORTAOKCGX31MJDOP/Suffragettes+Protest+Wilson.jpg NWP - Suffragists from National Women's Party picketing White House Suffragists from the National Women's Party holding up sign in front of the White House that reads "'We shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest to our hearts-for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their government.' President Wilson's war message. April 2nd 1917." c. 1917 Barnard Archives and Special Collections Barnard College and Columbia University https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471964799443-YGKYBML25EF4S4FTLQ83/WOMAN+SUFFRAGE.+MARCHING+WITH+INV.+SIGNS.jpg NWP - WOMAN SUFFRAGE. MARCHING WITH INV. SIGNS Women march through Washington, DC advertising the protest at the US Capitol on Sunday. 1917 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471964860301-STZ6G56QHNU0604R45SJ/WOMAN+SUFFRAGE+PICKETS+AT+WHITE+HOUSE.jpg NWP - WOMAN SUFFRAGE PICKETS AT WHITE HOUSE 1917 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471964860377-9CZ96GS1FYSQW4YTAUL1/WOMAN+SUFFRAGE+PICKETS.jpg NWP - WOMAN SUFFRAGE PICKETS 1917 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484861576202-E5DWDKVITZGQW81NB3VN/The+first+picket+line+-+College+day+in+the+picket+line_LOC_3a32338v.jpg NWP - The first picket line - College day in the picket line Women suffragists picketing in front of the White house. Ca 1917 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1537365050875-HG0KWYGEZ2Z2YTLKPLLZ/VirginiaWilson.jpg NWP - Virginia Arnold holding Kaiser Wilson banner Taken August 1917 Library of Congress https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/560aa985e4b0c94bc539c98a/5ba255714fa51a7fb2c0f4af/1537365361695/ NWP https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1537365363344-PA2DFBEBD21KBOZU5BF1/AlicePaulProtesting.jpg NWP - Alice Paul Protesting Arrests Taken October 20, 1917 Library of Congress https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/imagery-and-propaganda daily 0.75 2017-01-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446582559938-DWZLHMV37K6Z9RU10THB/image-asset.gif Imagery and Propaganda - Symbolic Suffrage Colors Throughout the American Suffrage Movement two major color themes were used. Gold, like on this sash, was first used by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony while campaigning for suffrage in Kansas. The women adopted the Kansas state symbol, the sunflower, to represent their cause. Gold pins, ribbons, sashes, and yellow roses were worn to show support for suffrage. The other color theme, more common with the British Suffrage Movement, was purple, white, and green. Oftentimes in the United States the green was replaced with gold. Supporters also worn buttons, ribbons, and sashes in these colors to show their support. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446582559938-DWZLHMV37K6Z9RU10THB/image-asset.gif Imagery and Propaganda - Symbolic Suffrage Colors Throughout the American Suffrage Movement two major color themes were used. Gold, like on this sash, was first used by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony while campaigning for suffrage in Kansas. The women adopted the Kansas state symbol, the sunflower, to represent their cause. Gold pins, ribbons, sashes, and yellow roses were worn to show support for suffrage. The other color theme, more common with the British Suffrage Movement, was purple, white, and green. Oftentimes in the United States the green was replaced with gold. Supporters also worn buttons, ribbons, and sashes in these colors to show their support. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446215829350-UQCCULIK85II85TWHMB5/A+squelcher+for+woman+suffrage.jpg Imagery and Propaganda - A Squelcher for Woman Suffrage A political cartoon from Puck that shows a woman unable to fit into the polling booth. Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446215930711-E77DH2EZ4FTWZ9F7M7SS/The+mascot.jpg Imagery and Propaganda - The Mascot This political cartoon, published in Puck, shows the mascot of suffrage. Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1455122278591-ZNIT735219EB57TE1G5H/O%27Neill+Kewpies+for+Suffrage.png Imagery and Propaganda - Kewpies for Suffrage BY “ROSE O’NEILL, 1915. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484860443602-G33RLK1SBQ2WL1TEZ56I/Woman+Suffrage+Banner%2C+1914-1917_NMAH-RWS2010-01242.jpg Imagery and Propaganda - Woman Suffrage Banner, 1914-1917 Suffragists from the National Woman’s Party made smaller versions of the banner used on the 1913 parade’s first float. These "Great Demand" banners were used in demonstrations and rallies and at suffrage headquarters. Marie Gilmer Louthan carried this one in suffrage parades.   National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484860545158-YD0KP5XXTZ10RD94VMA3/%5BHedwig+Reicher+as+Columbia%5D+in+Suffrage+Parade_LOC_11361v.jpg Imagery and Propaganda - [Hedwig Reicher as Columbia] in Suffrage Parade Photo taken in front of the Treasury Building at the Woman Suffrage parade held in Washington, D.C., March 3, 1913.   Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484860851094-UXR2UBUS388QU4BFN8S7/Insulting+the+President_The-Suffragist_BPWENM.jpg Imagery and Propaganda - "Insulting the President?" by Nina Allender, June 2, 1917 A suffragist holds a banner quoting one of President Wilson's speeches: "We Shall Fight for the Things We Have Always Carried Nearest Our Hearts, For Democracy. For The Right of Those Who Submit To Authority To Have A Voice In Their Own Governments." Artist Nina Allender was the official cartoonist for the National Woman's Party. National Women's Party https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484860854645-9LNXCIAPBMLDNT6YA8MU/Jailed+for+Freedom+Pin+%28Lucille+Angiel+Calmes%29_NMAH-AHB2014q013005.jpg Imagery and Propaganda - Jailed for Freedom Pin Luciille Angiel Calmes received this Jailed for Freedom pin, a small silver prison door with a heart-shaped lock, after she was arrested and sentenced to five days in a District of Columbia jail for participating in a watch fire demonstration on January 13, 1919. The watch fires of freedom marked a return of woman suffrage pickets to the White House. They burned copies of President Woodrow Wilson's speeches in small cauldrons, calling attention to the hypocrisy of his touting democratic principles abroad while he refusing secure the Senate votes needed to pass the woman suffrage amendment.   National Museum of American History https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484860858914-NFF8NC5EOB4SEYLTGQSW/The+Suffragist%2C+June+14%2C+1919_NMAH-AHB2013q013138.jpg Imagery and Propaganda - Victory The Suffragist, June 14, 1919 by Nina Allender, National Women's Party's official cartoonist https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484860855399-U1MLHS88PZ76PT0D2JRW/Votes+for+Women+Button+gold_SI_0_1.jpg Imagery and Propaganda - Woman Suffrage Button Button worn by supporters of woman suffrage. “Votes for Women” was one of the most popular and recognizable slogans used by members of the woman’s suffrage movement.   National Museum of American History https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484860856318-8733WNRXW5GKVODA313V/Votes+for+Women+Button+purple_SI_1_1.jpg Imagery and Propaganda - Woman Suffrage Button Button worn by supporters of woman suffrage. This button displays two symbols of the suffrage movement: the colors purple, white and green and the popular slogan “Votes for Women." https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484861370971-ZNOTOF0JLAS1DF5CQMO9/National+Woman%E2%80%99s+Suffrage+Congressional+Union+Flag_NMAH-JN2013-1548.jpg Imagery and Propaganda - National Woman’s Suffrage Congressional Union Flag his is the flag of the National Woman’s Suffrage Congressional Union. In 1914 Alice Paul split from the more conservative National American Woman Suffrage Association, eventually founding the National Woman’s Party. It replaced British suffragettes’ green with yellow as the new American suffrage color. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns felt that more should be being done to lobby Congress directly and that American suffragists could adapt the tactics of spectacle and political pressure employed by the British "suffragettes." Their new National Woman’s Party (NWP) used parades, petitions, protests, and eventually pickets in an ambitious campaign for a woman suffrage amendment.   National Museum of American History https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/19th-amendment daily 0.75 2018-09-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471965951101-BQNHKK6XLK0QCMSLH76R/AtLast%2C+TheSuffragist.jpg 19th Amendment - "At Last" The Suffragist Saturday, June 21, 1919 Bryn Mawr College Library https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471965951101-BQNHKK6XLK0QCMSLH76R/AtLast%2C+TheSuffragist.jpg 19th Amendment - "At Last" The Suffragist Saturday, June 21, 1919 Bryn Mawr College Library https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443032660976-HOZ3QZM0W5H23YU0LKZB/WST-14.jpg 19th Amendment - 19th Amendment On August 18th, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified. It granted all American women the right to vote. The article read, “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444162812908-SW9YITRYCEB2BXRJYMSZ/image-asset.gif 19th Amendment - New York Times article on passing of 19th Amendment New York Times.   This is the front page of the New York Times on August 26, 1920, which announced the passage of the 19th Amendment. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444149201524-G5O87BX16R9PB4KWWSOI/image-asset.jpeg 19th Amendment - ERA These three women hold a banner with a quote from Susan B. Anthony, “No self respecting woman should wish or work for the success of a party that ignores her.” Anthony said this in both 1872 and 1894. The women photographed are encouraging men to vote for the 19th Amendment. The 19th Amendment, guaranteeing all women the right to vote, was passed by Congress on June 4, 1919 and ratified on August 18, 1920. Public domain. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471968438395-L7JGTSTFP7WY9TAKPTQO/In+front+of+National+Woman%27s+Party+headquarters%2C+Washington%2C+D.C..jpg 19th Amendment - In front of National Woman's Party headquarters, Washington, D.C. When Tennessee the 36th state ratified, Aug. 19, 1920, Alice Paul, National chairman of the Woman's Party, unfurled the ratification banner 1920 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471965951698-1PYFKWS01FJN69TFAR46/Alice+Paul%2C+full-length+portrait%2C+standing%2C+facing+left%2C+raising+glass+with+right+hand.jpg 19th Amendment - Alice Paul c. 1920 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471969661020-O47YC1OR4ISHEY07X1F5/Harry+Burn.jpg 19th Amendment - Harry T. Burn, 1919 From Niota, Tennessee, Harry Burn represented McMinn County in the Tennessee House of Representatives. His "yes' vote, encouraged by a letter from his mother, broke a tie and caused Tennessee to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment. Tennessee was the 36th state to ratify the 19th Amendment and it then became law. c. 1919 Calvin M. McClung Historical Collection Knoxville County Public Library https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484860261196-QOYUD1S0OA7YKBAKRFI7/Women+out+in+force_LOC_3b23344r.jpg 19th Amendment - Women out in force Men and women at voting poll, Oliver and Henry Streets, New York City(?) ca 1922.   Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1537885194395-YQPHM7TKS7TO6WUKX73X/For_Congress%2C_Jeannette_Rankin%2C_Republican_Ticket+Wikimedia.jpg 19th Amendment - For Congress: Jeannette Rankin https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/abolitionist-movement daily 0.75 2016-03-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443641389628-4K2FTI274LKL42YNR3ZX/0139colortitle.jpg Abolitionist Movement - Angelina Grimke, Appeal to the Christian Women of the South, 1836 In 1835, Angelina Grimke found herself deeply disturbed by violent riots and demonstrations against abolitionists and African Americans, as well as by the burning of anti-slavery pamphlets in her hometown of Charleston, South Carolina. When William Lloyd Garrison published an appeal to citizens of Boston to repudiate all mob violence, Angelina felt compelled to send the noted abolitionist a personal letter of support. “The ground upon which you stand is holy ground,” she told him, “never-never surrender it . . . if you surrender it, the hope of the slave is extinguished.” Agitation for the end to slavery must continue, Angelina declared, even if abolitionists are persecuted and attacked because, as she put it, “This is a cause worth dying for.” Garrison published Angelina’s letter. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443641588836-KSUMKXW4YUU5S4GNFM8E/0160colortitle.jpg Abolitionist Movement - Catharine Beecher, Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism, 1837 In this letter to her friend, Catharine Beecher wrote about how women should call for change. It was in response to a speaking tour by Angelina and Sarah Grimké, Southern sisters from a slaveholding family. In it, Beecher explained the different roles men and women played in creating change. While Beecher believed that women should be subordinate to men, she felt that women could still play an important role. She wrote, “while woman holds a subordinate relation in society to the other sex, it is not because it was designed that her duties or her influence should be any the less important, or all−pervading.” A woman should “win every thing by peace and love; by making herself so much respected, esteemed and loved, that to yield to her opinions and to gratify her wishes will be the free." Additionally, Beecher felt that women should not reach beyond their social or domestic circle; men should be the ones to interact within the political sphere. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443641743159-6VSWEOLSU0PZZGT7ILT4/stewartmaria_132.jpg Abolitionist Movement - Maria Stewart, Lecture Delivered at Franklin Hall, Boston 1832 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443642172891-05YUMRH07886BIKT6PC2/Susananthony.jpg Abolitionist Movement https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/educational-resources daily 0.75 2017-12-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1494866743280-IDCTPJ3KH4M8HYYSN9L3/Women%27s+Voting+Rights.png Educational Resources - Lesson Plan Women's Voting Rights Lesson Plan on Women's Voting Rights https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1495199713736-6UBSAEU6IOESCOB1P86M/Seneca+Falls+Convention.png Educational Resources - Lesson Plan-Seneca Falls Convention Lesson plan on the Seneca Falls Convention https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1494869880413-5S6WGPMQ7SQF8KLZOF6L/Progressive+Era+Suffrage+Groups.png Educational Resources - Progressive Era Suffrage Groups Lesson Plan on Progressive Era Suffrage Groups including the National Women's Party and the National American Woman Suffrage Association. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1495200020378-WO82U0NZ5E1PNUBV2HWV/State+vs+Federal+Campaigns.png Educational Resources - Lesson Plan- State vs Federal Campaigns Lesson plan on the differences between the state and federal campaigns for women's voting rights. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1495200273971-7Q8XBVNAONY1P0E5CZCO/Western+Campaign.png Educational Resources - Lesson Plan - Western Campaign Lesson plan on the Western Campaign for Women's Voting Rights https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1494870630179-DYAO5C61P872YE2SK6CP/Propaganda+and+Women%27s+Suffrage.png Educational Resources - Lesson Plan Propaganda and Women’s Suffrage Lesson plan on Propaganda and Women’s Suffrage https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1494866741171-ZGFIW3U690MP6FPTZG9U/19th+Amendment.png Educational Resources - Lesson Plan 19th Amendment Lesson Plan on the 19th Amendment https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446488954872-C7TR903HIMA8ZA5ZCVU5/educationalresources.jpg Educational Resources https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/early-republic daily 0.75 2017-08-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445879130982-13Q4GXRQO40VH1FKI8A9/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg Rights in the Early Republic A Society of Patriotic Ladies, Library of Congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446503069314-83L9B215V88SENOF0S4K/earlyrepublic2.jpg Rights in the Early Republic https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/primary-documents-1 daily 0.75 2015-10-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443641389628-4K2FTI274LKL42YNR3ZX/0139colortitle.jpg Primary Sources - Angelina Grimke, Appeal to the Christian Women of the South, 1836 In 1835, Angelina Grimke found herself deeply disturbed by violent riots and demonstrations against abolitionists and African Americans, as well as by the burning of anti-slavery pamphlets in her hometown of Charleston, South Carolina. When William Lloyd Garrison published an appeal to citizens of Boston to repudiate all mob violence, Angelina felt compelled to send the noted abolitionist a personal letter of support. “The ground upon which you stand is holy ground,” she told him, “never-never surrender it . . . if you surrender it, the hope of the slave is extinguished.” Agitation for the end to slavery must continue, Angelina declared, even if abolitionists are persecuted and attacked because, as she put it, “This is a cause worth dying for.” Garrison published Angelina’s letter. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443641588836-KSUMKXW4YUU5S4GNFM8E/0160colortitle.jpg Primary Sources - Catharine Beecher, Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism, 1837 In this letter to her friend, Catharine Beecher wrote about how women should call for change. It was in response to a speaking tour by Angelina and Sarah Grimké, Southern sisters from a slaveholding family. In it, Beecher explained the different roles men and women played in creating change. While Beecher believed that women should be subordinate to men, she felt that women could still play an important role. She wrote, “while woman holds a subordinate relation in society to the other sex, it is not because it was designed that her duties or her influence should be any the less important, or all−pervading.” A woman should “win every thing by peace and love; by making herself so much respected, esteemed and loved, that to yield to her opinions and to gratify her wishes will be the free." Additionally, Beecher felt that women should not reach beyond their social or domestic circle; men should be the ones to interact within the political sphere. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443641743159-6VSWEOLSU0PZZGT7ILT4/stewartmaria_132.jpg Primary Sources - Maria Stewart, Lecture Delivered at Franklin Hall, Boston 1832 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443639427798-F9BIKFIW8EFLM6L6I89E/brandeisbrief.jpg Primary Sources - Brandeis Brief (Muller v. Oregon), 1908 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443640214595-GD49CDOIUSNUKAN3M4UT/sba-arrested.jpg Primary Sources - United States v. Anthony, 1872 In 1872, Susan B. Anthony and thirteen other women were arrested for voting in the presidential election, as were the three inspectors who allowed them to vote. Anthony was the only woman brought to trial and pleaded not guilty. Anthony believed she was “legally entitled to vote,” and if she was not, “but voted in good faith in the belief that it was her right, she was guilty of no crime.” However, Anthony was found guilty, and a fine of $100 plus the costs of the trial was imposed. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471965951101-BQNHKK6XLK0QCMSLH76R/AtLast%2C+TheSuffragist.jpg Primary Sources - "At Last" The Suffragist Saturday, June 21, 1919 Bryn Mawr College Library https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443032660976-HOZ3QZM0W5H23YU0LKZB/WST-14.jpg Primary Sources - 19th Amendment On August 18th, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified. It granted all American women the right to vote. The article read, “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444162812908-SW9YITRYCEB2BXRJYMSZ/image-asset.gif Primary Sources - New York Times article on passing of 19th Amendment New York Times.   This is the front page of the New York Times on August 26, 1920, which announced the passage of the 19th Amendment. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444149201524-G5O87BX16R9PB4KWWSOI/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - ERA These three women hold a banner with a quote from Susan B. Anthony, “No self respecting woman should wish or work for the success of a party that ignores her.” Anthony said this in both 1872 and 1894. The women photographed are encouraging men to vote for the 19th Amendment. The 19th Amendment, guaranteeing all women the right to vote, was passed by Congress on June 4, 1919 and ratified on August 18, 1920. Public domain. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471968438395-L7JGTSTFP7WY9TAKPTQO/In+front+of+National+Woman%27s+Party+headquarters%2C+Washington%2C+D.C..jpg Primary Sources - In front of National Woman's Party headquarters, Washington, D.C. When Tennessee the 36th state ratified, Aug. 19, 1920, Alice Paul, National chairman of the Woman's Party, unfurled the ratification banner 1920 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471965951698-1PYFKWS01FJN69TFAR46/Alice+Paul%2C+full-length+portrait%2C+standing%2C+facing+left%2C+raising+glass+with+right+hand.jpg Primary Sources - Alice Paul c. 1920 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471969661020-O47YC1OR4ISHEY07X1F5/Harry+Burn.jpg Primary Sources - Harry T. Burn, 1919 From Niota, Tennessee, Harry Burn represented McMinn County in the Tennessee House of Representatives. His "yes' vote, encouraged by a letter from his mother, broke a tie and caused Tennessee to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment. Tennessee was the 36th state to ratify the 19th Amendment and it then became law. c. 1919 Calvin M. McClung Historical Collection Knoxville County Public Library https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484860261196-QOYUD1S0OA7YKBAKRFI7/Women+out+in+force_LOC_3b23344r.jpg Primary Sources - Women out in force Men and women at voting poll, Oliver and Henry Streets, New York City(?) ca 1922.   Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1537885194395-YQPHM7TKS7TO6WUKX73X/For_Congress%2C_Jeannette_Rankin%2C_Republican_Ticket+Wikimedia.jpg Primary Sources - For Congress: Jeannette Rankin https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471969410715-PD9OHXPWK8NQEZJO4Q4P/Suffragist+Margaret+Foley+distributing+the+Woman%27s+Journal+and+Suffrage+News.jpg Primary Sources - Suffragist Margaret Foley distributing the Woman's Journal and Suffrage News Photograph of Margaret Foley (right?) and an unidentified woman (left), both carrying pocketbooks and wearing fur-trimmed hats and fur stoles, standing outside and distributing copies of the November 29, 1913, issue of the Woman's Journal and Suffrage News. The woman on the left has a cloth satchel strapped across her body, labeled VOTES. c. 1913 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444063512813-YA0GFUQZH2NCJU1FRFVJ/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - The Woman's Journal National American Woman Suffrage Association, “The Woman's journal. (Boston, Mass.) 1917,” Ann Lewis Women's Suffrage Collection, accessed October 5, 2015, https://lewissuffragecollection.omeka.net/items/show/1128.   The Woman’s Journal was created by Lucy Stone for the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) in 1870. It was the first newspaper on suffrage that was successful, and it was in circulation throughout the movement.   https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444162934360-DGVQ0WOX81CGZ4VUSWPJ/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - Woman's Journal and Suffrage News Library of Congress. This front page of the Woman's Journal and Suffrage News is from March 8, 1913. Pictured are Rosalie Gardiner Jones, Inez Milholland on a white horse, floats, and an aerial view of the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913. The parade was organized by Alice Paul and took place in Washington, D.C. the day before President Wilson was inaugurated. 8,000 women marched and an additional half million people watched the parade. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484860615438-G2IGRV4BA01ZTITA5YW9/American+Woman+Suffrage+Association+Poster_OSU_awsa.jpg Primary Sources - American Woman Suffrage Association Poster American Woman Suffrage Association Poster advertising Abigail Duniway as a featured speaker at a meeting of the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), on a bill with other nationally prominent leaders.   University of Oregon https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444243970897-FX2TNUSFDLX2VW0RPIKO/image-asset.png Primary Sources - Suffragists demonstrating against Woodrow Wilson in Chicago, 1916 Library of Congress A group of women and men from the National Woman’s Party (NWP) can be seen picketing President Woodrow Wilson outside of the International Amphitheater in Chicago, where he was delivering a speech. The NWP, founded in 1913, helped raise national awareness about the woman’s suffrage campaign and the 19th Amendment. This was achieved through traditional petitioning and lobbying but also through more public activities. The NWP held parades, pageants, street speeches, and demonstrations to draw attention. For months, the NWP even picketed the White House. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444244066390-IYQB47DYCV3WY0604YRG/42802_ca_object_representations_media_71862_mediumlarge.jpg Primary Sources - Why We Picket "Broadside published by the National Woman's Party describing the need to picket the Wilson White House to bring attention to the women's suffrage amendment. On the bottom is an RSVP slip to be mailed to Irish Calderhead regarding a picket at the White House on September 1."   Historical Society of Pennsylvania. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471964988940-D0HAP8QRG74QMAPX7PYA/Miss+Alice+Paul%2C+New+Jersey%2C+National+Chairman%2C+Congressional+Union+for+Woman+Suffrage%3B+Member%2C+Ex-Officio%2C+National+Executive+Committee%2C+Woman%27s+Party.jpg Primary Sources - Miss Alice Paul, New Jersey, National Chairman, Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage; Member, Ex-Officio, National Executive Committee, Woman's Party Alice Paul of Moorestown, New Jersey, was appointed chairman of the Congressional Committee of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1913, and went on to head the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage and the NWP. She served six prison terms for woman suffrage, including three in England and three in the United States. She was sentenced to seven months in October 1917 for picketing and served five weeks before being released on account of her condition from hunger striking. In August 1918 she was sentenced to 10 days for participation in Lafayette Square meeting, and in January 1919, to five days for lighting a watchfire. Source: Doris Stevens, Jailed for Freedom (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1920), 366. Image printed in The Suffragist, 3, no. 52 (Dec. 25, 1915), 6. Captioned: "Miss Alice Paul." Library of Congress   https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471964799090-TAV77OXDDGE9QII712ZR/Lucy+Stone+in+prison.jpg Primary Sources - Miss [Lucy] Burns in Occoquan Workhouse, Washington Lucy Burns, of New York City, who with Alice Paul established the first permanent headquarters for suffrage work in Washington, D.C., helped organize the suffrage parade of Mar. 3, 1913, and was one of the editors of The Suffragist. Leader of most of the picket demonstrations, she served more time in jail than any other suffragists in America. Arrested picketing June 1917, sentenced to 3 days; arrested Sept. 1917, sentenced to 60 days; arrested Nov. 10, 1917, sentenced to 6 months; in Jan. 1919 arrested at watchfire demonstrations, for which she served one 3 day and two 5 day sentences. She also served 4 prison terms in England. Burns was one of the speakers on the "Prison Special" tour of Feb-Mar 1919. Source: Doris Stevens, Jailed for Freedom (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1920), 356. 1917 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471964799182-IO2JORTAOKCGX31MJDOP/Suffragettes+Protest+Wilson.jpg Primary Sources - Suffragists from National Women's Party picketing White House Suffragists from the National Women's Party holding up sign in front of the White House that reads "'We shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest to our hearts-for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their government.' President Wilson's war message. April 2nd 1917." c. 1917 Barnard Archives and Special Collections Barnard College and Columbia University https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471964799443-YGKYBML25EF4S4FTLQ83/WOMAN+SUFFRAGE.+MARCHING+WITH+INV.+SIGNS.jpg Primary Sources - WOMAN SUFFRAGE. MARCHING WITH INV. SIGNS Women march through Washington, DC advertising the protest at the US Capitol on Sunday. 1917 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471964860301-STZ6G56QHNU0604R45SJ/WOMAN+SUFFRAGE+PICKETS+AT+WHITE+HOUSE.jpg Primary Sources - WOMAN SUFFRAGE PICKETS AT WHITE HOUSE 1917 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471964860377-9CZ96GS1FYSQW4YTAUL1/WOMAN+SUFFRAGE+PICKETS.jpg Primary Sources - WOMAN SUFFRAGE PICKETS 1917 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484861576202-E5DWDKVITZGQW81NB3VN/The+first+picket+line+-+College+day+in+the+picket+line_LOC_3a32338v.jpg Primary Sources - The first picket line - College day in the picket line Women suffragists picketing in front of the White house. Ca 1917 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1537365050875-HG0KWYGEZ2Z2YTLKPLLZ/VirginiaWilson.jpg Primary Sources - Virginia Arnold holding Kaiser Wilson banner Taken August 1917 Library of Congress https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/560aa985e4b0c94bc539c98a/5ba255714fa51a7fb2c0f4af/1537365361695/ Primary Sources https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1537365363344-PA2DFBEBD21KBOZU5BF1/AlicePaulProtesting.jpg Primary Sources - Alice Paul Protesting Arrests Taken October 20, 1917 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444146094515-J7APOUOCV0G96SHOOYOO/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - The Brandeis Brief from Muller v. Oregon, 1908 PBS. For his work on pro bono cases, Attorney Louis Brandeis was known as “the People’s Attorney.” Brandeis defended Oregon state law, which set a ten hour maximum a woman could work in a day at a “mechanical establishment, or factory, or laundry.” Curt Muller was fined for working his female employees more than ten hours a day, which he appealed to the Oregon Supreme Court. In this case, Brandeis used sociological data and legal argument to address whether excessive labor led to ill health. This was the first time a lawyer had used sociological data to help make their case and would serve as a model for future cases using non-legal data. The case went to the Supreme Court and was decided in favor of the Oregon state law. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444146215872-OYD1BCWJKRL7ET463MGG/image-asset.gif Primary Sources - Susan B. Anthony, "Woman wants Bread, not the Ballot" Public domain. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1455132526709-7TZBKJ2KBKRG88EDI8IW/Farmers+for+Suffrage.jpg Primary Sources - Suffrage Farmers Photograph shows (left to right) Miss Rene Glogau, Chairman of the Agricultural Committee of the New York City Woman Suffrage Party; Helena Ries, Mrs. J.N. Dawson, Mrs. M. Barnes, Rose De Bella, Mrs. Daniel Appleton Palmer, Chairman of the Bronx Woman Suffrage Party; Mrs. Thomas B. Wells, Miss Mary Garrett Hay, and Miss Flora Hay. The suffragists are standing in front of a billboard supporting the woman suffrage amendment. (Photo Credit: Library of Congress) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471960052888-Y2F6CL2BIDIHFMFA2VI3/Horse+drawn+float+declares+National+American+Woman+Suffrage+Association%27s+support+for+Bristow-Mondell+amendment.jpg Primary Sources - Horse drawn float declares National American Woman Suffrage Association's support for Bristow-Mondell amendment Photograph of three women standing in street in front of horse-drawn wagon with sign, "National American Woman Suffrage Association founded in 1869 supports Bristow-Mondell Resolution drafted by Susan B. Anthony, 1874, First, Last and Always." Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446580921976-TMJNI561W1WLRYT8GDF1/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - Elizabeth Cady Stanton, "Solitude of the Self" Public domain. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a true leader of the woman suffrage movement, serving as the president of the National Woman Suffrage Association for twenty years and the as first president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. At the age of 77, in 1892, Stanton stepped down as president. “Solitude of the Self” was her resignation speech, and in it Stanton argues for women’s equality. Stanton saw women as citizens of the country and argued that they should therefore be treated like all other citizens. This meant women should have access to all things men did, such as the right to vote, higher education, and “freedom of thought and action.” Through her words it is clear that Stanton sees all individuals as walking alone in life and they therefore need all of their rights to prosper. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970788141-4J9IRBOYAYVL0Z54JEBD/Suffrage+March+Line.jpg Primary Sources - Suffrage march line--How thousands of women parade today at Capitol Women marchers organized by country, state, occupation, and organization, led by Miss Inez Milholland and Mrs. Richard Coke Burleson, during the suffrage march, March 3, 1913, Washington, D.C. 1913 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471960866194-BDHKHTG872ND1XNGK444/Carrie+Chapman+Catt.jpeg Primary Sources - Carrie Chapman Catt Library of Congress n.d. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970789959-AWOMK0RWXA2ZBMHEHF6K/Suffrage+parade%2C+Inez+Milholland.jpg Primary Sources - Suffrage parade, Inez Milholland Photo shows lawyer Inez Milholland Boissevain riding astride in the suffrage parade as the first of four mounted heralds. In her short life she shared with many of her fellow marchers a commitment to social reform. She joined organizations striving to improve the working conditions of children and the lives of African Americans. She was also a strong supporter of the shirtwaist and laundry workers. Three years after the parade, she collapsed and died at age thirty during a western suffrage lecture tour. 1913 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970781369-YVY4OAI1Q01X7RSPWM0J/Head+of+suffrage+parade.jpg Primary Sources - Head of suffrage parade Photo shows Grand Marshal Mrs. Richard Coke Burleson (center, on horseback) leading suffrage march on March 3, 1913. 1913 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471971002973-J0IPRMXLMN3FL32UN8MU/Official+program+-+Woman+suffrage+procession%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.+March+3%2C+1913.jpg Primary Sources - Official program - Woman suffrage procession, Washington, D.C. March 3, 1913 / Dale. Cover of program for the National American Women's Suffrage Association procession, showing woman, in elaborate attire, with cape, blowing long horn, from which is draped a "votes for women" banner, on decorated horse, with U.S. Capitol in background. 1913 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970792762-9I4GQE1OSNJ7UQDU4YAC/Susan+B.+Anthony+2.jpg Primary Sources - Susan B. Anthony Photo shows suffragist Florence Jaffray "Daisy" Harriman (1870-1967) holding a banner with the words "Failure Is Impossible. Susan B. Anthony. Votes for Women." c.1910-1915 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970787659-HS1NVEUXD6P8POLP31OH/Home+Makers%2C+Suffrage+Parade.jpg Primary Sources - "Home Makers," Suffrage Parade Photo taken at the Woman Suffrage Parade held in Washington, D.C. March 3, 1913 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970796908-JTN0XT58R480OCHU2KRW/WOMAN+SUFFRAGE+PARADE.jpg Primary Sources - Woman Suffrage Parade 1914 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970794022-MQY9FSQMYGTG8MTKCZWJ/WOMAN+SUFFRAGE+PARADE%2C+MAY+1914.jpg Primary Sources - Woman Suffrage Parade May 1914 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970794882-ES7RAXBW7C9XDE5SLC4X/WOMAN+SUFFRAGE+PARADE%2C+MAY%2C+1914.jpg Primary Sources - Woman Suffrage Parade May 1914 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484859444117-JS68PF9WQ17ZDQB8PF8G/Suffrage+Parade_LOC_11354v.jpg Primary Sources - Suffrage Parade Photo two women dressed as Indians on horseback at the Woman Suffrage Parade held in Washington, D.C., March 3, 1913.   Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970780714-W8IGC4G0DXMIM3TDXY02/Crowd+on+Penn+Ave.+watching+Suffrage+parade.jpg Primary Sources - Crowd on Penn Ave. watching Suffrage parade Photo taken at the National American Woman Suffrage Association parade held in Washington, D.C., March 3, 1913, the day before President Wilson's inauguration. March 3, 1913 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970795429-0DRCI39X1K1SAIKXDJFQ/Woman+suffrage+parade%2C+Wash.%2C+D.C..jpg Primary Sources - Woman suffrage parade, Wash., D.C. Photograph shows parade and enormous crowd on Pennsylvania Ave. looking toward Capitol past old Post Office. 1913 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471970791728-DFKV1I9IUMKTGNF8YPI8/Suffrage+parade%2C+Mch.+3+1913.jpg Primary Sources - Suffrage Parade March 3, 1913 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471961041719-B6PKTJLD1J87EXW15ZM7/Mary+Church+Terrell%2C+three-quarter+length+portrait%2C+seated%2C+facing+front.jpg Primary Sources - Mary Church Terrell between 1880 and 1900 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471961041086-CSHBONLIECZ93TIWFONJ/Ida+B.+Wells%2C+head-and-shoulders+portrait%2C+facing+slightly+right.jpg Primary Sources - Ida B. Wells c.1891 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446581544744-NTTWQ8OTB0KCYQXKRW7T/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - Mary B. Talbert, "Women and Colored Women," 1915 Public domain Activist Mary B. Talbert was committed to addressing inequalities based both on gender and race. Talbert served as the sixth president of The National Association of Colored Women (NACW) from 1919-1920. The NACW was formed in 1896, with the goal of promoting equality for African American women. One of Talbert’s more famous speeches, “Women and Colored Women,” focused on the “clear powers of observation and judgment” African American women had gained. These powers allowed a woman to observe an issue and use her judgment to help find a solution. Talbert felt that these powers were “necessary to the building of an ideal country.” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471961041057-EIZP638JNV5LDI2L83DJ/Frances+Harper.jpg Primary Sources - Frances E.W. Harper Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484857035552-RQE7KFVLJJ1NBIH6908U/LiftingAsWeClimbBanner_AAMHC_SI.jpg Primary Sources - Lifting As We Climb Banner with motto of Oklahoma Federation of Colored Women's Clubs "Lifting As We Climb" Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484858693491-E8AJCMOAG48B281T2UR3/Oklahoma+Federation+of+Colored+Women%27s+Club+banner_NMAAHC_SI.jpg Primary Sources - Banner for Oklahoma Federation of Colored Women's Clubs Banner for Oklahoma Federation of Colored Women's Clubs. The organization's motto was "Lifting As We Climb". Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444244388396-S83G9XLDSEVYLCHMRXDP/image-asset.png Primary Sources - Suffrage Campaigns in California Public domain. Until the passage of the 19th Amendment, state elections were held to decide if women should have the right to vote. In 1869, the territory of Wyoming became the first to grant women the right to vote. When Wyoming became a state, in 1890, the decision was upheld. Colorado was next in 1893 and in 1896 both Utah and Idaho passed suffrage laws. However, it would not be until 1910 that another state would let women vote, when Washington passed the law followed by California in 1911. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471969546078-L17AK4DSODG32SAUZDF5/Miss+Jeannette+Rankin%2C+of+Montana%2C+speaking+from+the+balcony+of+the+National+American+Woman+Suffrage+Association%2C+Monday%2C+April+2%2C+1917..jpg Primary Sources - Miss Jeannette Rankin, of Montana Miss Jeannette Rankin, of Montana, speaking from the balcony of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Monday, April 2, 1917 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446214100046-PQHAD2JL961WMT9OCPE9/The+awakening.jpg Primary Sources - The Awakening This image shows the western states that had granted women the right to vote. Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484859651747-5EUXPSGON451EVAXMHB2/Part+of+the+Vast+Billboard+Campaign+of+the+Woman%27s+Party.+Putting+up+billboard+in+Denver--+1916_LOC_159016v.jpg Primary Sources - Part of the Vast Billboard Campaign of the Woman's Party. Putting up billboard in Denver-- 1916. Photograph of unidentified woman putting up billboard with bucket and broom. Billboard reads: "'Women of Colorado, you have the vote. Get it for women of the nation by voting against Woodrow Wilson and the Democratic Candidate for Congress. Their party opposes national woman suffrage. The National Woman's Party." Billboard features image of young woman and a hat with "The Woman's Party" feather and a "50-50" price tag, above which is the motto "Our Hat's in the Ring."   Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484859849295-JAXAPDTFS4IT37QMA3FE/Route+of+Envoys+Sent+from+East+by+the+Congressional+Union+for+Woman%27s+Suffrage%2C+to+Appeal+the+Voting+Women+of+the+West.jpg Primary Sources - Route of Envoys Sent from East by the Congressional Union for Woman's Suffrage, to Appeal the Voting Women of the West Map of the United States showing tour of Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage. Image of Alice Paul in lower left-hand corner. Captioned "Call to Women Voters to Assemble in Chicago June 5, 6, 7 to Launch A National Woman's Party."   Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446581075490-Y8U6TI2LFTCF7RC0LI00/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - Jane Addams, "The Modern City and the Municipal Franchise for Women," 1906 Public domain. Jane Addams dedicated her life to improving the living and working conditions of immigrants, especially those living in poverty in large cities. She believed through voting women could help pass laws that would improve conditions. In her speech, “The Modern City and the Municipal Franchise for Women,” Addams focused on the need of cities to clean up through “civic housekeeping.” This speech, delivered at the National American Woman Suffrage Association Convention in 1906, encouraged women to become more active in civil life in order to bring about change in human-welfare. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446581366082-EUXL92OPPF0P8UXE70YD/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - Ida B. Wells, "Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases," 1892 Public domain. Ida B. Wells fought hard to shed light on the racism that still existed in the country after abolition. While living in Memphis, Tennessee, Wells wrote many essays on the terrible treatment of freed African Americans. This editorial focused on the lynching of three men that occurred in Memphis in 1892, after which Wells was told not to come back to Memphis because her life was in danger. Since Wells could not return home, she wrote about the events leading up to the lynching. In this collection of writings, Wells also wrote on the different treatment of individuals based on their race. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444060163097-G6NWBVYG50SVBI88JS6Y/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - Declaration of Sentiments During the Woman’s Rights Convention, held at Seneca Falls from July 19th to 20th in 1848, the Declaration of Sentiments was accepted. It was written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and rewrote the Declaration of Independence to include women; “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal…” Additionally, it showed how the United States government had oppressed women by not granting them rights that all men had been given. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444060253295-121MT25OEWIRN3EUSEIC/0013.jpg Primary Sources - Seneca Falls: Transcript of Proceedings This transcript shows the discussions from the Woman’s Rights Convention held at Seneca Falls on July 19th and 20th, 1848. The main question the convention focused on was the “social, civil, and religious conditions of woman.” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471972920209-XPU9WVJL2CY5424NFWEZ/Lucrettia+Mott.jpg Primary Sources - Painting of Lucretia Mott Painting of Lucretia Mott (1793 - 1880), the proponent of women's rights, by Joseph Kyle 1842 Smithsonian National Portriat Gallery https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471972923516-H6PABYZLV3N5UVOFOISA/Elizabeth+Cady+Stanton.jpg Primary Sources - Elizabeth Cady Stanton n.d. Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444163049058-XL9LPCV5BXM7YI820A66/image-asset.gif Primary Sources - Great Central Fair of the Sanitary Commission Library of Congress. Women played an important role during the Civil War. Not only were they nurses, but a group of them created the United States Sanitary Commission in 1861. This commission of women volunteers organized the donation of supplies and money to the army. Members held fairs, such as the one this flyer is advertising. The group urged people in the area to either mail in or bring supplies to the fair. This advertisement for the Restaurant Department of the Great Central Fair indicates the event's regional reach with its appeal for contributions from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. It also encourages all donations no matter if they are big or small, “let them be ever so small, they will be thankfully received.” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444163102728-N5TN2OZTZ0S2R5IF2443/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - Fair for the sick and wounded Courtesy of Mary Anne Eves Civilian-organized fairs were a popular means by which Philadelphians raised funds in support of relief efforts on behalf of Union soldiers. This document advertises a fair that was held on October 21, 1862 to help collect supplies for sick and wounded Civil War soldiers. This fair was held by the United States Sanitary Commission, an organization run by women hoping to gather supplies and money to help those fighting in the war. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471969211398-EGA5GSB7409Y2O9VGQ4H/Clara+Barton.jpg Primary Sources - Clara Barton Clara Barton photographed by Mathew Brady around 1865 from the Civil War period of her life. She is about 43 years old 1865 Clara Barton National Historic Site https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471969211381-RHWBO0NX0KG9WPT9DITB/Julia+Ward+Howe%2C+half-length+portrait%2C+seated%2C+facing+left.jpg Primary Sources - Julia Ward Howe c. 1908 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446582559938-DWZLHMV37K6Z9RU10THB/image-asset.gif Primary Sources - Symbolic Suffrage Colors Throughout the American Suffrage Movement two major color themes were used. Gold, like on this sash, was first used by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony while campaigning for suffrage in Kansas. The women adopted the Kansas state symbol, the sunflower, to represent their cause. Gold pins, ribbons, sashes, and yellow roses were worn to show support for suffrage. The other color theme, more common with the British Suffrage Movement, was purple, white, and green. Oftentimes in the United States the green was replaced with gold. Supporters also worn buttons, ribbons, and sashes in these colors to show their support. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446215829350-UQCCULIK85II85TWHMB5/A+squelcher+for+woman+suffrage.jpg Primary Sources - A Squelcher for Woman Suffrage A political cartoon from Puck that shows a woman unable to fit into the polling booth. Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446215930711-E77DH2EZ4FTWZ9F7M7SS/The+mascot.jpg Primary Sources - The Mascot This political cartoon, published in Puck, shows the mascot of suffrage. Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1455122278591-ZNIT735219EB57TE1G5H/O%27Neill+Kewpies+for+Suffrage.png Primary Sources - Kewpies for Suffrage BY “ROSE O’NEILL, 1915. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484860443602-G33RLK1SBQ2WL1TEZ56I/Woman+Suffrage+Banner%2C+1914-1917_NMAH-RWS2010-01242.jpg Primary Sources - Woman Suffrage Banner, 1914-1917 Suffragists from the National Woman’s Party made smaller versions of the banner used on the 1913 parade’s first float. These "Great Demand" banners were used in demonstrations and rallies and at suffrage headquarters. Marie Gilmer Louthan carried this one in suffrage parades.   National Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Behring Center https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484860545158-YD0KP5XXTZ10RD94VMA3/%5BHedwig+Reicher+as+Columbia%5D+in+Suffrage+Parade_LOC_11361v.jpg Primary Sources - [Hedwig Reicher as Columbia] in Suffrage Parade Photo taken in front of the Treasury Building at the Woman Suffrage parade held in Washington, D.C., March 3, 1913.   Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484860851094-UXR2UBUS388QU4BFN8S7/Insulting+the+President_The-Suffragist_BPWENM.jpg Primary Sources - "Insulting the President?" by Nina Allender, June 2, 1917 A suffragist holds a banner quoting one of President Wilson's speeches: "We Shall Fight for the Things We Have Always Carried Nearest Our Hearts, For Democracy. For The Right of Those Who Submit To Authority To Have A Voice In Their Own Governments." Artist Nina Allender was the official cartoonist for the National Woman's Party. National Women's Party https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484860854645-9LNXCIAPBMLDNT6YA8MU/Jailed+for+Freedom+Pin+%28Lucille+Angiel+Calmes%29_NMAH-AHB2014q013005.jpg Primary Sources - Jailed for Freedom Pin Luciille Angiel Calmes received this Jailed for Freedom pin, a small silver prison door with a heart-shaped lock, after she was arrested and sentenced to five days in a District of Columbia jail for participating in a watch fire demonstration on January 13, 1919. The watch fires of freedom marked a return of woman suffrage pickets to the White House. They burned copies of President Woodrow Wilson's speeches in small cauldrons, calling attention to the hypocrisy of his touting democratic principles abroad while he refusing secure the Senate votes needed to pass the woman suffrage amendment.   National Museum of American History https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484860858914-NFF8NC5EOB4SEYLTGQSW/The+Suffragist%2C+June+14%2C+1919_NMAH-AHB2013q013138.jpg Primary Sources - Victory The Suffragist, June 14, 1919 by Nina Allender, National Women's Party's official cartoonist https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484860855399-U1MLHS88PZ76PT0D2JRW/Votes+for+Women+Button+gold_SI_0_1.jpg Primary Sources - Woman Suffrage Button Button worn by supporters of woman suffrage. “Votes for Women” was one of the most popular and recognizable slogans used by members of the woman’s suffrage movement.   National Museum of American History https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484860856318-8733WNRXW5GKVODA313V/Votes+for+Women+Button+purple_SI_1_1.jpg Primary Sources - Woman Suffrage Button Button worn by supporters of woman suffrage. This button displays two symbols of the suffrage movement: the colors purple, white and green and the popular slogan “Votes for Women." https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484861370971-ZNOTOF0JLAS1DF5CQMO9/National+Woman%E2%80%99s+Suffrage+Congressional+Union+Flag_NMAH-JN2013-1548.jpg Primary Sources - National Woman’s Suffrage Congressional Union Flag his is the flag of the National Woman’s Suffrage Congressional Union. In 1914 Alice Paul split from the more conservative National American Woman Suffrage Association, eventually founding the National Woman’s Party. It replaced British suffragettes’ green with yellow as the new American suffrage color. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns felt that more should be being done to lobby Congress directly and that American suffragists could adapt the tactics of spectacle and political pressure employed by the British "suffragettes." Their new National Woman’s Party (NWP) used parades, petitions, protests, and eventually pickets in an ambitious campaign for a woman suffrage amendment.   National Museum of American History https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444060448659-XQSDXBPTTOM3NDTPH8AI/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - Godey's Ladies Book https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471973194259-7YWDEEF2HG3K1ZSPQPJ7/Elizabeth+Cady+Stanton%2C+seated%2C+and+Susan+B.+Anthony%2C+standing%2C+three-quarter+length+portrait.jpg Primary Sources - Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Stanton, seated, and Susan B. Anthony, standing c. 1880-1902 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446580302465-30TMH2JH9B69XG9U7W6H/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - Lucy Stone's Marriage Protest Lucy Stone was a lifelong reformer, fighting for both women’s and African American’s rights. Stone, born in 1818, attended Oberlin College and upon graduating in 1847 she continued her fight for rights. In 1855, despite being married herself, Stone wrote a protest on marriage. In this protest, Stone focused on the lack of freedom the woman has within the marriage. Stone believed “marriage should be an equal and permanent partnership” between two people and that their decisions should be made together. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444060629698-XWR4GBJIX43SZ0WS6PB3/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - Sojourner Truth, "Ain't I a Woman?" Sojourner Truth was an abolitionist and a women’s right activist throughout her life. She was born a slave in 1797, but in 1827 Truth ran away to the North. In 1851, she delivered the speech “Ain’t I a Woman?” at a woman’s rights conference. She was the only female speaker at this conference. In her speech, Truth focused on the idea that, despite her race, she too was a woman and deserved to be treated as one. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444229530825-CS8V8ACLO2PKN3GYA5NG/image-asset.png Primary Sources - Julia Ward Howe, "Modern Society," 1881 Public domain. Julia Ward Howe co-founded the American Woman Suffrage Association and helped start its paper, the Woman’s Journal. In the essay “Modern Society,” published in 1881, Howe wrote about the French system of representation and the problems of worshipping wealth. She also explained why women’s education had been so poor and the need to improve it. Howe felt that women’s minds had been imprisoned by society and needed to be freed so they could be properly used. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444229902524-YUH20AC661TLHBH9SWZY/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - Lecture flyer for Abigail Scott Duniway, 1880s Special Collections and University Archives, University of Oregon Libraries https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444230128311-9AEIIHVYIL1X3LOE620O/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - Suffrage Lecture Flyer Library of Virginia. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444230187281-OHS9C7GWQXR2UF88BSA0/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - Susan B. Anthony Lecture Ticket, 1882 Public domain. In 1872, Susan B. Anthony was arrested for voting in the presidential election. Soon after her arrest, Anthony traveled the country lecturing to audiences about her experience. Anthony’s speech, entitled “Is it a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to Vote?” focused on her arrest and proving that she had not committed a crime. Her speech specifically noted the passage of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution which gave women the right to vote. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471963547649-06HKOGMXPSJA34TOJKXM/Get+thee+behind+me%2C+%28Mrs.%29+Satan%21.jpg Primary Sources - "Get thee behind me, (Mrs.) Satan!" / Th. Nast. Cartoon shows woman, carrying 2 children and man holding bottle of rum on her back, and speaking to winged woman who is holding a sign reading, "Be saved by free love" (representing suffragist Victoria Woodhull). 1872 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1459889988433-LLK5IV4TDG4202KZBE8Y/A+Suggestion+to+the+Buffalo+Exposition.jpg Primary Sources - A suggestion to the Buffalo Exposition; - Let us have a chamber of female horrors Library of Congress Illustration shows Uncle Sam and John Bull leading a group of world leaders walking in the center aisle between an exhibit of women suffragettes on pedestals; among the figures are "Mrs. Faith Healer," "Woman Evangelist," "Mrs. Lease" holding a large rake, and an elderly woman wearing a crown labeled "Queen of Holland Dames," as well as one woman labeled "D.A.R." Those identified are: "Dr. Mary Walker," "Belva Lockwood," "Susan B. Anthony," "E. Cady Stanton," "Mrs. Eddy Christian Scientist," and "Carrie Nation of Kansas" holding a large ax. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444149052219-19X0YNJSNPZIAYI89O4O/image-asset.png Primary Sources - Anti-Suffrage Pamphlet Public domain. This pamphlet was distributed by the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage. It contained reasons why women did not need to vote; for example, it suggested women did not want to or care to vote, because it would “mean competitions of women with men instead of co-operation,” and because “you do not need a ballot to clean out your sink.” Many women found these ideas rather offensive; however, there were some who did agree with them. In addition to the anti-suffrage language, the pamphlet caught women’s attention with its title “Household Hints” and inside there was useful household advice. These suggestions, like “Sour milk removes ink spots,” provided women with easy solutions to common issues while also encouraging them to not “waste time, energy and money” by voting. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444232072757-9U55S19LNXF8O52AV3BH/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - Francis Parkman, "The Woman Question," 1879 Public domain. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446214760433-5NI32IHP4U7AYVQXPU03/Looking+backward.jpg Primary Sources - Looking Backward This political cartoon was created in 1912 by Laura Foster and shows her views towards suffrage. Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471960225428-JWF49T3V0O7P7KX8HBZA/Election+Day%21.jpg Primary Sources - Election Day! c. 1909 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471960225996-B40JV2D9HQQQCDYA47DJ/I+want+to+vote.jpg Primary Sources - Everybody Works but Mother Suffragette Series No. 11, 1909 Anti-Woman Suffrage Postcards https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471960225793-KMQDHSK5645X5P3R0CW6/Marching+through+Georgia+L.M.+Glackens..jpg Primary Sources - "Marching through Georgia" / L.M. Glackens Illustration shows a group of men and women marching under such banners as "The Lips That Touch Corn Likker Shall Never Touch Ourn", "W.C.T.U.", and "Carrie Nation Cadets", with one man carrying a small barrel labeled "Vegetable Tonic", and a large wagon labeled "Water Wagon No. 1" immediately behind the leaders, to show their support for prohibition. They are all colored blue. 1908 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471960226132-L95ERYYI1XQFCN6UTIR6/National+Anti-Suffrage+Association.jpg Primary Sources - National Anti-Suffrage Association Photograph shows men looking at material posted in the window of the National Anti-Suffrage Association headquarters; sign in window reads "Headquarters National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage". c. 1911 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471960725443-7RURJ8BK8I9I7TJYK1GT/A+Downright+Gabbler.jpg Primary Sources - A downright gabbler, or a goose that deserves to be hissed Caricature of Frances "Fanny" Wright, British-born activist, exponent of female suffrage, and outspoken critic of slavery. The title's reference to Wright as a "gabbler" probably alludes to her sensational American lecture tour of 1829. Wright wears a black dress and long white scarf, and has the head of a goose. She stands reading from a book and gesturing, before a speaker's table with candles, pitcher, glass, and books. Behind her stands a young man, holding her bonnet and looking on. Mrs. Kemble's costume and the scene itself -- with its table, water, candles, and acolyte-like attendant -- seems intended to suggest an underlying parallel with liturgical rites. 1829 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1537368598544-BCIBBZ1KATLS3MWY64KS/petition-001.jpg Primary Sources - Petition from the Women Voters Anti-Suffrage Party of New York to the United States Senate This petition was sent to the United States Senate and includes the names of women opposed to women’s suffrage in 1917. National Archives and Records Administration https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/560aa92ce4b0c26a9ae0049b/5ba262b488251b659c31536d/1537368756230/ Primary Sources https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1537368761393-MHDFCHURQ1LEWIVMM5UQ/Cambridge_Antisuffrage_2017_001.jpg Primary Sources - Letter from the Cambridge Branch of the Massachusetts Anti-Suffrage Association to the Congress of the United States of America The Massachusetts Anti-Suffrage Association sent this letter to the Senate and House of Representatives asking Congress to oppose the proposed woman suffrage amendment. National Archives and Records Administration https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/560aa92ce4b0c26a9ae0049b/5baa44caf9619a770c206ca0/1537885598430/ Primary Sources https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1537885390741-3QREH2IZ4Y6K4Y75DZ3U/french001+NARA.jpg Primary Sources - Letter Regarding the Federal Amendment from Ellen F. Vanderbilt Ellen F. Vanderbilt of Newport, RI, sent this letter to members of the Senate and House of Representatives. She expresses her opposition to the Federal Amendment for woman suffrage (the 19th Amendment), describing it as anti-American and an increase to the socialist vote. National Archives and Records Administration https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1471963254817-KRCAWTDF94LTGLB1I7BC/Votes+for+Women+a+Success_map.jpg Primary Sources - Votes for Women A Success. Imitation is the Sincerest Flattery!! "The Map Proves It." Map of the United States showing in various shadings states with full suffrage; partial suffrage; Presidential, Partial County and state suffrage; and no suffrage. Women were granted suffrage from 1869 (Wyoming) to 1914 (Nevada). c. 1914 Harvard University Library https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444062280192-GCUH12THS8J7VK25QC1E/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - NWSA Constitution Public domain. On May 15, 1869, the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) was founded. The first president of the organization was Susan B. Anthony. This document, the NWSA Constitution, presented five articles the association would uphold. The major goal was to “secure STATE and NATIONAL protection for women citizens in the exercise of their right to vote.” The NWSA was dissolved in 1890 when it and the American Woman Suffrage Association become one, the National American Woman Suffrage Association. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1484861108812-YMCPN9834709940PPZH1/Mrs.+Stanley+McCormick+and+Mrs.+Chas.+Parker_LOC_12694v.jpg Primary Sources - Mrs. Stanley McCormick and Mrs. Chas. Parker Mrs. Stanley McCormick and Mrs. Chas. Parker holding a banner which reads "National Woman Suffrage Association." https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443639680078-MZK1S5Y3PVB1YYXTR6HG/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - Judith Sargent Murray, On the Equality of the Sexes, 1790 Judith Sargent Murray was a radical thinker for her time; born in 1751, she did not believe traditional women’s work was intellectually stimulating. Her essay, “On the Equality of the Sexes,” was first published in 1790 by The Massachusetts Magazine. It focused on the differences between minds and the need for stimulation. Murray saw no reason women should not be educated or valued the same as men. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443639615766-GIGZDCYUIGQMYZ569E1L/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792 Mary Wollstonecraft was a writer and advocate of women's rights. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1443639779885-G5ME1CLFSBIU5HE13ONW/440px-Phillis_Wheatley_frontispiece.jpg Primary Sources - Phillis Wheatley, Poems on Various Subjects, 1773 Phillis Wheatley is regarded as one of America’s first poets. She was born in 1753 in Africa, was then captured by slave traders, and sold to the Wheatley family in Boston in 1761. The Wheatley family saw to her education, and she was able to read within sixteen months of being brought to the United States. As a teenager, Wheatley began writing poems. Her first poem was published in 1770 entitled “An Elegiac Poem, on the Death of the Celebrated Divine George Whitefield,” and brought her much notoriety. Then in 1773, Wheatley published her first collections of poems in Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. This was the first time a book written by an African American woman had been published and only the second time a book written by a woman had been published in the United States. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446580533192-57CEA9YU28K3R4587V1S/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - 14th Amendment "Free!" 1863. Library of Congress: LC-USZC4-252. The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified on July 9, 1868, granted African Americans their freedom. Shown here is a print of an African American slave reaching freedom. The print is entitled “Free!” and was created circa 1863 by Henry Louis Stephens. The 14th Amendment specifically granted men the right to vote. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446580659869-7JB2PRDE95SAOCDQR26Z/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - 15th Amendment A.R. Waud. "The first vote." 1867. Library of Congress: LC-USZ62-19234 . On February 3, 1870 the 15th Amendment of the United States Constitution was ratified. This amendment stated “The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” This ensured that all men had the right to vote no matter their race. However, it did not grant women the right to vote. The image shown here is a print from 1867 by Alfred Rudolph Waud and shows a line of American Americans, all in different dress, being allowed to cast their first ballot. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444062109831-D3EBR0UV7YEFKJ8G2CIL/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, Speech at the Eleventh Woman's Rights Convention, 1866 Library of Congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1444062185366-NKLY279EX91IZOJLOFW5/image-asset.jpeg Primary Sources - Horace Bushnell, Women's Suffrage: A Reform against Nature Public domain. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446506251123-GN3JN88BVS2GZ6WK02LD/primarysources2.jpg Primary Sources https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/home daily 1.0 2022-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446132640437-KKD9VUKIP2JHQZ50XHGP/image005.jpg A History of United States Woman Suffrage https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446132231991-TMJVZTN5L0MBLQVR9YMY/designed_by_expanded_gallery2.jpg A History of United States Woman Suffrage https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446139213030-OET00LMOUVNRGTJJRWYL/map.jpg A History of United States Woman Suffrage https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446498755585-D1KC8TDVP6Q1L0KQU40H/main2.jpg A History of United States Woman Suffrage https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/seneca-falls-meeting daily 0.75 2017-08-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1456865990993-EVIQCX9HVEQRQ9VQTBC3/Senca+Falls+Announcment.jpg Call for Suffrage at Seneca Falls National Reformer Newspaper From August 3, 1848 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446506515747-WLUWIT0A3ZO3Q0M3U88F/seneca2.jpg Call for Suffrage at Seneca Falls https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/abolition daily 0.75 2017-08-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445880736587-V3DXX8OW1T4DVEJZ1I4N/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg Abolitionist Movement A Downwright Gabbler, Library of Congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446501870359-MB2UL3PQGQSNE41JVD6A/abolition2.jpg Abolitionist Movement https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/early-efforts daily 0.75 2017-08-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445887162022-PE3R4YSMIB0G14QF9ZT8/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg Early Organizing Efforts Bloomer waltz, library of congress https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446502862869-C0N2UGRPPK67SA4W6YAK/earlyorganizing2.jpg Early Organizing Efforts https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/civil-war-activism daily 0.75 2017-08-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445889195555-V50PI29OKK6IBSDI96SE/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg Civil War Activism Buildings of the Great Central Fair, in aid of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, Logan Square, Philadelphia, June 1864, Library of congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446502789974-CX0W48PGQBMAV09T9NF8/civilwar2.jpg Civil War Activism https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/lecture-reformers daily 0.75 2017-08-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445893293310-7TOEJ9PDZ50NCLRJM88V/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg Reformers on the Lecture Circuit Portraits of seven prominent suffragists: Mott, Greenwood, Stanton, Dickinson, Livermore, Anthony, and Child. Library of Congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446505423541-F6L2468524RXFWPCV036/lecture2.jpg Reformers on the Lecture Circuit https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/14-15-amendments daily 0.75 2017-08-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445891114638-M25IWLIUC31E03VPA3OM/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg The 14th and 15th Amendments House of Representatives committee receiving a delegate reading her argument in favor of woman's voting, on the basis of the 14th and 15th Amendments, Library of Congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446498850433-HEHZFN1ART513742NUGX/14and15amendments2.jpg The 14th and 15th Amendments https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/19-amendment daily 0.75 2017-08-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445972085753-57DNJOAUTV6U8CXU596R/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg 19th Amendment Alice Paul sews a star onto the NWP Ratification Flag, representing another state's ratification of the 19th Amendment, Library of Congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446502057281-6RNDKJPTO0KMJSQ0K5IM/19amendment2.jpg 19th Amendment https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/nwsa-organize daily 0.75 2017-08-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445954896407-D8R40RT4B8MW0ED9W9EI/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg National Woman Suffrage Association two women holding a nwsa banner, library of congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446506071932-9NG9RX0606CR6306K66V/nwsa2.jpg National Woman Suffrage Association https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/western-suffrage daily 0.75 2017-08-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445959360026-GFD54IR7TG3M3EIAGBCM/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg Western Suffrage Women registering to vote in San Francisco, CA, Library of Congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446506607285-KX8QVTDYGABD860JXZB2/west2.jpg Western Suffrage https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/awsa-organize daily 0.75 2017-08-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445955894638-BHAQNNB2BH6FUBFXVQBN/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg American Woman Suffrage Association Margaret Foley distributing the Woman's Journal, library of congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446502527345-URY6DWOHBIHK9ABRFUHQ/awsa2.jpg American Woman Suffrage Association https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/minor daily 0.75 2017-11-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445958045556-PZXE1QXVM8ET4M8JFAR3/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg Legal Case of Minor v. Happersett This cartoon, from The Daily Graphic, shows a man-like Susan B. Anthony, Library of Congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446505560386-G7VPAA0IU32CHY6OPW1E/minorhappersett2.jpg Legal Case of Minor v. Happersett https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/progressive-era-reformers daily 0.75 2017-08-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445964776567-4MXWNCODNUC5092BH447/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg Progressive Era Reformers Women from New Jersey at the Capitol during a prohibition hearing, Library of Congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446506325429-3QR646YK8SK8T0670SEC/progressive2.jpg Progressive Era Reformers https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/nawsa-united daily 0.75 2017-08-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445960512426-XC8Z4IVQ8J6FJEFMANTV/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg National American Woman Suffrage Association Three women stand in front of a horse-drawn wagon with a sigh supporting the NAWSA, Library of Congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446505799604-65CUH95X8PUQXA1XWVP0/nawsa2.jpg National American Woman Suffrage Association https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/naows-opposition daily 0.75 2017-08-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445961853768-QACY04WDP48BDHGDVW4N/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg Opposition to Suffrage Men looking at materials presented by the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, Library of Congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446506183465-5WA8E4WDXQ0809P2TGHF/opposed2.jpg Opposition to Suffrage https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/propaganda daily 0.75 2017-08-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445971347544-9OAWTD2H3A45U2SXY5T8/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg Imagery and Propaganda election day! library of congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446503154834-L030GBQAI7ZRXWH91Q5U/imagery2.jpg Imagery and Propaganda https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/nacw daily 0.75 2022-06-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445966668833-46NJ389UCCTA9NJK2B2D/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg National Association of Colored Women Women's Club of Buffalo, New York, Library of Congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446505672359-C1JFA2KBH961HQB7HP65/nacw2.jpg National Association of Colored Women https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/nwp-militant daily 0.75 2017-08-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445970136600-8852CFB8V09RFOS906AC/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg National Women's Party and Militant Methods Official program of the woman suffrage procession in Washington, D.C. on March 3, 1913, Library of Congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446505963778-L9KAF8Y6KG4DXX153MIO/nwp2.jpg National Women's Party and Militant Methods https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/standards daily 0.75 2015-10-01 https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/working-women-movement daily 0.75 2017-08-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445968019740-2G5A09PWLFYXDEX1MVFD/67_expanded_gallery3.jpg Working Women in the Movement Farmers for Suffrage, Library of Congress. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446506678011-N7VI0RNHJ9UT21CDLYGN/workingwomen2.jpg Working Women in the Movement https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/bibliographies daily 0.75 2015-10-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1446506434668-JDYEV757SMX26Z5NJ2H8/readings2.jpg Recommended Readings https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/douglass daily 0.75 2015-10-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445976324714-ISV1DTEKXEH6ZAUPU9GI/image-asset.jpeg Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass, Library of Congress. https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/garrison daily 0.75 2015-10-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445978810553-P46MJAI1110QR2JFKMP4/image-asset.jpeg William Lloyd Garrison William Lloyd Garrison https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/beecher daily 0.75 2015-10-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1445980649723-T31AOFECBPHN1SGNNF9R/image-asset.jpeg Henry Ward Beecher Henry Ward Beecher, Library of Congress. https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/higginson daily 0.75 2015-10-28 https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/washington daily 0.75 2015-10-28 https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/du-bois daily 0.75 2015-10-28 https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/wilson daily 0.75 2015-10-28 https://www.crusadeforthevote.org/history daily 0.75 2016-03-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5602e55fe4b053956b5cbfb1/1456850228599-9GAXSOO95COUULM7WBD6/timeline.jpg The History of the Suffrage Movement 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